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French languages, logic, mathematics, astronomy, natural philoso-phv, and the line arts. \\ ith regard to the languages, the Dr.reckons “ the knowledge of things of much more importance thanthat of words.” 8. Of evil inlluences, from terrifying stories,bloody histories, Sec. 9. Of sports and diversions, amongst whichhe justly condemns the practice of cock-lighting, as well as playsand masquerades, lo and 11. IIis two last sections treat of theproper degrees of liberty and restraint in sons and daughters.From these general heads, this tract evidently appears to be wellworthy of the attention of Christian parents. Dr. Turnblili pub-lished Observations on Liberal Education; at London , in 1742.This work contains the ess< nee of what has been written on thesubject by the ancients; with remarks from Mr. Locke and othersof the moderns. The author shews the importance of early habitsof virtue, and recommends along with the acquisition of the ver-nacular and learned languages, the study of natural and moral phi-losophy, and the cultivation of a taste for the beauties of nature,and the still greater beauties of virtue. Dr. Chapman says it“ abounds in instructions very useful to parents and children.”In 174,5, Mr. James Barclay published at Edinburgh a Treatise on.Education, in 1‘Jnto. containing, says'Dr. Chapman, “ many use-ful observations on public and private education, the duty of pa-rents and teachers; grammar, history, taste, poetry,” See. In1750, Mr. James Neilson, apothecary, published An Essay onthe Government of Children, under three general Heads; Health,Manners, and Education, 12mo. Loud. Dr. Chapman recom-mends (his work as containing “ many judicious rules and obser-vations worthy the attention of parents and teachers.” In 1762,the celebrated John James Rousseau surprised the public with hisEmilius; a moral romance in 4 vols. 12mo. In this work thereare manv things deserving of the severest censure, while otherparts arc’highly commendable in his system, which is theoretical,and often unfit for practice ; he fixes the lime for commencing cer-tain instruction by lar too late. Even Rousseau himself, notwith-standing the art with which he lays down lus system, cannot avoidacknowledging indirectly, on several occasions, that our social dis-positions, our rational and our moral powers, display themselves atan earlier period, than that at which he wishes us to begin the culti-vation of them. Rut though the great outlines of his system bemerely theory, unsupported by facts, nay, plainly contradictory tofacts; yet his observations on the impropriety or absurdity of theprevalent modes of education are very often just, and many of theparticular directions which he gives tor the conducting of educa-tion are judicious. Father Gordil, in his Reflections on Educa-tion, published in 1765, examines the principles laid down by M.Rousseau in his Emilius, and shews in opposition to him, that manis designed for a social state, and improved by it; that childrenare capable of early instruction, and may be taught fables, geogra-phy, history, and geometry; that they may be formed to a tastefor true Latinity; and that the lower, as well as the higher rankof life, ought to be trained, by early culture, to the fear of God ,obedience to parents, and the fundamental duties of society. Mr.Sheridan, in his Plan ot Education for the voting Nobility andGentry of Great Britain, published in 1769, censures the methodscommonly pursued in the great schools in England, and pointsout the ends we ought to have in view, and the means ami the in-struments we ought to use, in the education of youth: the endsare, to make good men, good citizens, and good Christians; themeans, a strict attention to their behaviour, and the adapting theirstudies to their talents', and lo their future professions and officesin life; the instruments, a sense of honour, a sense of shame, and,above ail, a sense of delight. The learned and pious author ofLetters, containing a l’lan of Education for Rural Academies,

published in 1773, complains that education does not engage theattention it merits; represents the country as most favourable tothe health, the safety, the morals, and the religious training, ofyouth; recommends a plain diet, and a plain, but neat dress;prescribes a course of education from 7 to 11 years of age, toconsist of the principles of religion, moral tales, the rudiments ofLatin , and elements of Greek, with writing and arithmetic; from11 lo 15, he enjoins perseverance in th« study of the classics, andof history, with the elements of rhetoric, algebra, and geometry ;sends his pupil to the university, if he be designed for any of thelearned professions; thinks that the student suffers much from dis-continuing his studies during the summer months, and adviseshim to bo sent back to the academy through the summer, to pre-vent habits of idleness and dissipation, to revise what he had for-merly learned, and to prepare for the next course at the univer-sity ; but, instead of sending him to the university at the age of15, he detains him at Hie academy, if he be designed for the ser-vice of his country in a civil or military capacity; prescribes acontinuation of his former studies, and introduces him to naturalhistory and philosophy; lays down a course of study at the aca-demy for such as arc to follow a mercantile employment; pro-poses a plan for the education of young ladies at a rural academy ;and concludes with a plan of education in parochial schools, laiddown by Mr. Fletcher of Salton, who wade a ligure about thebeginning of this century. “ This author, says Dr. Chapman,insists much on instilling religious and moral principles, and ontraining the youth of both sexes, by virtuous habits, to the differ-ent duties of life.” In 1777, Dr. Ash published Sentiments onEducation, collected from the best authors, with occasional ob-servations: in 2 vols. 12mo. Loud. Yol. i. contains instructionsand observations; on teaching lo read; grammar; writing; draw-ing; arithmetic; geometry; geography; astronomy; chrono-logy; music; rhetoric; a course of reading; public speaking;trade and commerce. Vol. 2 treats of female accomplishments;of modesty; the passions; epistolary correspondence ; subordina-tion in society; behaviour in social and civil life; love and mar-riage; management of a family; and religion. The Rev. Mr.Knox, in his Liberal Education, or Practical Treatise on the Me-thods of acquiring Useful and Polite Learning, published in 178J,prefers public education for boys, and domestic, with little excep-tion, for girls; condemns the use of translations, and editions ofthe classics with notes; insists on industry, and the diligent use ofdictionaries in schools ; enjoins the rules of July’s Grammar , andlarge portions of the best classics to be got by heart, with the writ-ing of exorcises, and the composition of themes in English andLatin , and in verse as well as prose, according to the practice «fthe best schools of England ; advises that there be public, re-hearsals by the elder scholars once every week from the best Eng-lish and Latin authors, and public examinations at short intervals:insists on a judicious and well supported discipline in schools; andmakes many just and ingenious observations on cultivating theminds of both sexes, &c. Dr. Chapman says, Mr. Knox’s stileis so accurate and elegant, that it may be said to be truly attic.In 1792, Dr. George Chapman published the fifth edition, im-proved and enlarged, of his Treatise on Education, in two parts.With the Author’s Method of Instruction while he taught theSchool of Dumfries; and a View of other Rooks on Education,This work is one of the best and most complete we have on thissubject, and is admirably adapted for practice. Strictures on fe-male education, by Mrs. A. More, is a work well adapted to givethose entrusted with the education of young ladies proper viewsof this important charge.

EDULCORATION, in chemistry, properly signifies the ren- Idering ol substances more mild. It consists almost always in takingaway acids and oilier saline substances; and this is effected bvwashing the bodies, to which they adhere, in a large quantity ofwater. The washing of diaphoretic antimony, powder of alga-roth, Sec. till the water comes off quite pure and insipid, are in-stances of chemical edulcoration. I

VOL. II. — no. 71. I

Edulcoration, in pharmacy, is merely the sweetening of ju-leps, potions, and other medicines, by adding sugar or svrup.

EDWARDS, George, F. R. A. SS. was born at Sfrattord, ahamlet of Westham in Essex, April 2-1, 1694. Upon leavingschool, lie was put apprentice to a tradesman in Fenchlirch-stieet,who treated him with great kindness; but about the middle of illsapprenticeship, an accident happened, which led young Edwards3 t»