304

ENTOMOLOGY.

the butterfly; in others it is fleshy, resembling a proboscis, andtubular, as in the fly.

Labium Superius, the Upper Lip, is situated above thejaws; as in the scarabaus and gryllus.

Stemmata, or Crowns, are three smooth hemispheric dots,placed generally on the top of the head ; as in most of the hynte-noptera, and others.

II. Truncus, the Trunk, is that part which comprehends thebreast or thorax : it is situated between the head and abdomen ;and has the legs inserted into it, that its parts may be distinctlydetermined. It is divided into thorax, scutellum, and sternum.

The Thorax is the back part of the breast, and is very variousin its shape. It is called dentatus, when its sides are armed with' points; spinosus, when its back is furnished with them, as in thecerambyx ; and marginatus, when its margin is laterally dilated,as in the silpha and cassida.

Scutellum, or Escutcheon, is the posterior part of thethorax : it is frequently triangular; and appears to be dividedfrom the thorax by an intervening suture, as in most of the co-leoptera.

The Sternum is situated on the inferior part of the tho-rax ; it is pointed behind in the elatercs, and biiid in some of thedvtisci.

III. The Abdomen is in most insects distinct from the thorax ;it is the posterior part of the body of the insect; end is composedof a number of annular segments, which serve occasionally tolengthen or shorten it, and to contain the organ* of chyli’iica-tion, &c.

Spiracula are little holes or pores, placed singly on each sideof every segment of the abdomen: through these the insectbreathes; and if oil be applied so as to stop them up, it provesfatal to most of them.

Ter gum, the Hack, is the superior part of the abdomen.

Venter, the Belly , is the inferior part.

Anus, is the posterior part of the abdomen, perforated for theevacuation of the excrement. This part also frequently containstlie organs of generation.

IV. Artus, the Limbs , or Extremities, are the various in-struments of motion.

Pedes, the Legs, consist of several parts. The first joints ofthe leg, which is generally thickest, is called femur; the secondwhich is generally of the same sire throughout, tibia ; the third,which is jointed, tarsus; and the last, which in most insects is dou-ble, is named unguis. The legs of insects, in general, arc namedfrom the various motions they produce : Cur-mrii, from that ofrunning, which are the most numerous ; saUatorii, trom that ofleap ng ; natatorii, from that of swimming, Ac.—In the saltatorii,the thighs are remarkably large, by which means they are able toleap to a considerable distance, as in the gryllus, grasshopper, &c.In those of the natatorii, the feel are flat, and edged with hairs,which answer the purpose of oars in assisting them to swim, as inthe dyliscus.— Mutici, tire such feet as have no claws.—Chela 1 , orclaws, are the fore-feet enlarged towards their extremities, each ofwhich is furnished with two less claws, which act like a thumband finger ; as in the crab.

Ala, Wings, the instruments which enable the insect to flv.These are membranous and undivided, except in the instance oftile phalarnx alucila 1 , in which they are in part divided. Most in-sects have lour; the diptera class, and the coccus, how ever, haveonly two. The wing is divided into its superior and inferior sur-faces: its anterior part in a butterfly, is that towards the anteriormargin, or next to the head; its posteiior part, that towards theanus; its exterior part, that towards the outer edge; and tlie in-terior, that next tlie abdomen.

The Al,e are culled Plicatiles, when they are folded at thetime the insect is at rest, as in the wa p ; opposite to these are thePlana-, which arc incapable of twins folded. Erect a 1 , such ashave their superior surfaces brought in contact when the insect isat rest; as in the ephenu ra, HI ellula purlin, and virgo, and papi-liones, (butterflies.) Patentcs, such as remain horizontally extended when tlie insect is at rest, as in tlie phakrna 1 geomitr.V,and most of the libelhtla 1 . [neumbentes, such a< cover horizon-tally the superior part of the abdomen wlirn tlie insect is at re-t.D etiex®, are iiicumbciitis, but not horizontally, tlie outer edgesdeclining toward the sides. Ileversa-, are dellexa 1 , with this addi-

tion, that the edge of the inferior wings projects from under thaanterior part of the superior ones. Dentata 1 , are those in whichthe edge is serrated, or scolloped ; Caudatie, those in which oneor more projections in the hinder wings are extended into proces-ses. Reticulata 1 , when the vessels of the wings put on the appearanee of network, as in the hemerobius perla: the two anteriorwings generally become superior, and the posterior ones inferior,in moths, when their wings are closed ; but the anterior wings arecalled primary, and the inferior ones secondary, in butterflies, asnone can properly be called inferior, when the wings are all erect.

Colores , ihe.colours, are self apparent and various; but accord-ing to their several shapes, they take the different names ofpunctap, dots; macula;, spots ; fascia 1 , bands, which frequentlyrun across and sometimes surround the edge of the wings; strigic,streaks, which are very slender fascia ;; and linear, lines, which arelongitudinally extended.

Ocellus, is a round spot, containing a less spot of a differentcolour in its centre. Stigma, another term introduced by Lin-naeus , signifies tlie spot, or anastomosis, in the middle of the wingnear tlie anleiior margin ; it is conspicuous in most of the livme-noptera and neuroptera, and even in tlie coleoptcra. The singleor double kidney-shaped spot, situated in the same part of the an-terior wings, and frequently occurring in the phalanx 1 , is distillguished likewise by the name of stigma.

Elytra., the plural of elytron. The upper wings, which are of ahard substance, in some degree resembling leather, and which inmost insects are of a very hard texture, but in others flexible, arecalled elytra ; their superior surface is generally convex, their in-ferior one concave. When tlie insect flies, they arc extended ;and shut when it rests, closing together, and forming a longitudi-nal suture down tlie middle of tlie back, as in tlie coleoptcra.They are of various shapes. Abbreviata, when shorter than theabdomen. Truncata, when shorter than tlie abdomen, and termi-nating in a transverse line. I'astigiala, when of equal or greaterlength than the abdomen, and ternitliating in a transverse line.Serrala, when the exterior margin towards tlie apex is notched orserrated, as in some of tlie buprestes. Spiuosa, when their surfaieis covered with sharp points pr prickles. Scabra, when their sur-face is so uneven as to grate against the fingers. Striata, whenmarked with slender longitudinal furrows. Porcata, when withelevated longitudinal sulci or ridges. Sulcata, when these ridgesare concave. Ilemelytra, when tlie superior wings are of a mid-dle substance betwixt leather and membrane ; either totally so, asin the gry Hi; or partially so, as in the cimices, nepac, and noto-necta:: these are commonly named hemiptera.

Hallcres, poisers, (a term also introduced by Linnams,) are lit-tle heads placed on a stalk or peduncle, most frequently under alittle arched scale. They are found only in the class diptera,and appear to be nothing more than the rudiments of the hinderwings.

Cauda, the Tail, in most insects is, Simplex, simple, capableof being extended, and again drawn back at pleasure. I u the craband scorpion, however, it is Elongata, elongated, or lengthenedout. S.'tacea, bristle-shaped, - or taper; as in the raphidea. Tri-seta, consisting of three bristles; as in the ephemera. Fur-eata, forked, as in the podura. Eorcipata, resembling a pair ofloneps; as in the forticula. Foliosa, resembling a leaf; as in thebiart a;, grylli, and some species of rancri. Telitera, armed with adart or sting ; as in tlie scorpion and panorpa. Aculeus, the sting,an ii strumeut with which they wound, and at the same time instilapoi on; with such Hie bee, wasp, scorpion, Ac. are furnished.

F, r further illustration of this subject ee the lollowing figures ofplate XXXVII.

Fig. 1. Antenna Pectinatie, or feathered antenna 1 ; as in thephakrna 1 , moths.

2. Antenna: Perfoliatje, or perfoliated ; as in the derniestes

and dytiscus.

3. Antenna. Fissiles, or fissile, divided into lamina; at tiie ex-

tremity, as in die scarabai, beetles.

4. Ant enna; Ci.avatie, or club-shaped, as in the papilio, but

terdy.

5. Antenna: Moniliformcs, like a necklace of heads; as in the

eh ysomela.

(i. A. tehx/f. Sktaceje, setaceous, or bristle-shaped; as in manyof tne phulxTia;.

7. Antenna; Arista tjh, .