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^ife was very singular: they did not marry; but adopted thechildren of others, whom they bred up in the institutions of theirsect; they despised riches, and had all things in common, andnever changed their cloaths till they were entirely worn out.
ESSENTIAL, something necessarily belonging to the essenceor nature of a thing, from which it cannot be conceived distinct:thus the primary qualities of bodies, as extension, figure, number,Ac. are essential or inseparable from them in all their changes andalterations. See Quality.
Essential Oils are such as are really contained in a plant, andare drawn from it by distillation in an alembic with water; theyare thus called, in contra-distinction to empyreunratic oils, whichare raised by a naked fire without water.
ESSEX , a county of England, bounded on the N. by part ofCambridgeshire , and by the river Stour, which separates it fromSuffolk ; on the E. by the German Ocean ; on the S. bv theThames, which divides it from Kent; and on the YV. by llertsand Middlesex ; being divided from the former, in one part by theStort, and then by the Lea, which separates it likewise from Mid-dlesex. It is 54 miles in length from E. to W.; 48 broad from N.to S.; and 200 in circumference. Several towns of Essex , havebeen long distinguished for the manufacture of baize, which, how-ever, is far from being so nourishing as formerly. 'The rivers, be-sides the boundary ones, are the Chelmer, fllackwater, Coin ,Crouch, and Koding. Chelmsford is the capital .
Essex, a county of Massachusetts , 38 miles long, and 25 broad,bounded on the S. and Ii. by the Atlantic.
Essex, a county of New Jersey , 25 miles long and 16 broad;bounded on the E. by the Pasaick and Newark Bay.
Essex, a county of Virginia , 55 miles long and 12 broad;bounded on the E. and N. E. by the Rappahannock; S. E. byMiddlesex; S. and S.VV. by King and Queen County ; and N.W.by Caroline.
ESSOIN, in law, an excuse for a person summoned to appearand answer to an action, on account of sickness or other just causeof bis absence. It is a kind of imparlance, or craving of longertime, and obtains in real, personal, and mixed actions. There arediv ers essoins, as de ultra mare, when the defendant is beyond sea,whereby he is allowed forty days; in an expedition to the holyland, a year and a day ; infirmity, called common essoin, when heis sick in bed ; and, lastly, in the king’s service.
Essoin-day, is regularly the first day of every term, though thefourth day after is also allowed by way of indulgence.
Essoin de malo V n.L/E, is where the defendant appears incourt, but before pleading, falls sick in a certain village: this is alsoallowed, if found true.
ESSORANT , in heraldry, denotes a bird standing on the groundwith its wings expanded, as if it had been wet, and were dryingitself.
ES TABLISHM ENT of Dower, in law, an assurance of dowermade to the wife by the hatband, or some friend of his, on marriage.See Dower .
ESI AIN, a town of France, in the department of the Meuse ,and late duchv of Bar; 10| miles E. N. E. of Verdun .
ES I AMPES, or ET AM PES, a town ot France , in the depart-ment of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France , onthe Juine, 15 miles E. of Chartres .
ES | APA, or EST APE, a town of Mexico , in the province,and on the river Tabasco.
ES I’APLES, a town of France in the department of the Straits
C’alais, 12 miles S. of Boulogne .
'r. . TaPO, a strong town of New Spain, at the mouth of theI ialuc.
ESTATE, in law, signifies the interest that a person has in lands,tenements, or other effects; comprehending the whole in which aperson has any property, lvtates are either real or personal; other-wise distinguished into Freeholds, which descend to heirs; orChattels, that go to executors or administrators. A fee simple isthe amplest estate our law admits of. See Fee. Estates areobtained several ways; as, by descent from a father to a son ; byconveyance or gran 1 , from one person to another; by gilt orpurchase; or by deed or will. See Descent, Succession,J enure, &c.
Estates, in a political sense, is used either to denote the domi-nions of a prince, or the general classes into which the people
vol. u.— no.76.
are divided In Britain , the estates are the king, lords, andcommons.
EST’ E, a fertile district of Maritime Austria, in the Paduano.
Este, the capital of the above distirict, anciently called Ateste.
ESTHER , [iron, ITeb. i. e. secret, or hid,] a canonical bookof the Old Testament , containing the history of
Esther, a Jewish virgin , whose great beauty raised her to thethrone of Persia ; whereby she saved her countrymen from the fa-tal extermination planned by proud Hainan, prime minister andfavorite of king Ahasuerus. The learned are not agreed who IbisAbasuerus was. Archbishop Ussher supposes him to be DariusHystaspes, and Artystona to be Esther. Scaliger makes him thesame with Xerxes, and his queen Ilamestris to be Esther. Jose-phus , on the contrary, positively asserts, that the Ahasuerus of thescriptures, is the Artaxerxes Longimamis of profane story; andthe Septuagint, throughout the whole book of Esther , translateAhasuerus by Artaxerxes. Most authors agree in this last opinion;and indeed the extraordinary kindness shewed by Artaxerxes tothe Jews , can scarce be accounted for otherwise than by suppos-ing tiiat they had so powerful an advocate as Esther to solicit forthem.
ESTOILE'E, or CROSS ESTOILLE'E, in heraldry, a starwith only four long rays in form of a cross; and, accordingly,broad in the centre, and terminating in sharp points.
ESTOPPEL, in law, an impediment or bar to an action, whicharises from a person’s own fact; or rather where he is forbid by lawto speak against his deed, which lie may not do, even to pleadthe truth. Thus where a person is bound in a bond by such aname, and being afterwards sued by that name on the obligation,he shall not be allowed to say lie is misnamed, but shall answeraccording to the bond, though it be wrong. Ilence the parties inall deeds are estopped from saving any tiling against them. How-ever, a plaintiff is not estopped from saying any thing against whathe had said in his writ or declaration ; and though parties beestopped, yet juries are not so, wiio may find tilings out of the re-cord.
ESTOVERS , in law, is used by Bracton, for that sustenancewhich a man committed for felony is to have out of his lands orgoods for himself and family during imprisonment. In stat. 6,Edw. I. it is used for an allowance in meat or clothes. In somemanors the tenants have common estovers; that is, necessary botesor allowances out of the lord’s wood: in which last sense, estoverscomprehend house-bote, hay-bote, and plow-bote ; so that if a manhave in bis grant these general words, de rationabili estoverio inboseis, Ac. he may thereby claim all three.
Estovers is also used for alimony, which, if the husband re-fuses to pay, there is, besides the ordinary process of excommuni-cation, a writ at common law, de estoveriis habendis, in order torecover it.
ESTRAMADURA. See Estremadura.
ESTRAPADE, [Fr.] the defence of a horse that will notobey, who, to get rid of his rider, rises mightily before; andwhile his fore-hand is yet in the air, yerks furiously’with his hind-legs.
ESTRA’N AYER, a town, fort, and district, of the Helveticrepublic, in the canton of Friburg, 13 miles W. of Friburg .
ESTRAYS and WAIFS, in law. Estrays are where anyhorses, sheep, hogs, beasts, or swans, or any beast that is not wild,come into a lordship, and are not owned by any man. Kitcli. 23.The reason ol estray is, because when no person can make title tothe thing, the law gives it to the king, if the owner does not claimit within a year and a day. Waifs are goods which are stolen, andwaved or left by the felon, on his being pursued, for fear of beingapprehended, and forfeited to the king or lord of the manor : anilthough waifs are generally spoken of things stolen, yet if a man ispursued with hue and cry as a felon, and he flies and leaves hisown goods, these will be forfeited as goods stolen ; but they areproperly the fugitive’s goods, and not forfeited till it is found be-fore die coroner, or otherwise of record, that he lied for the fe-lony. 2 Haw. 450. Waifs and strays were anciently the pro-perty of the finders by the law of nature, and afterwards the pro-perty of the king by the law of nations. Dalt. Slier. 79. Waifsand'strays not claimed within the year and day are the lord's.For where the lord has a beast a year and a day, and it has beencried in the church and markets, the property is changed. Kiteh.
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