E XT

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E X T

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Expression, in paintiug, is the distinct exhibition of characteriu the general object of the work, or of sentiment in the charac-ters or persons represented. In the latter case it consists either inrepresenting the body in general and all its parts severally, in ac-tions most peculiarly suitable to the design of the picture, andmarking thereby the emotions of the soul in the various figures, or inpourtraying in the face the appearances of the passions. In thissense the term expression has been frequently confounded withpassion; but the former implies a representation of its objectagreeably to its nature and character, and to the office it holds onthe picture ; while the latter denotes merely a particular turn ormotion of the body, or of the muscles and features of the face,which marks any violent agnation of the soul: so that every pas-sion is an expression, but not every expression a passion. SeePainting and Drawing.

Expression, in rhetoric, elocution, diction, or choice of wordsin a discourse. Beautiful expression is the natural and true lightof our thoughts: it is to this we owe all the excellencies in dis-course, which gives a kind of vocal life and spirit. As the principalend of discourse is to be understood, the first thing vre should en-deavour to obtain is a richness of expression, or habit of speakingso well as to make our thoughts easily understood. See Ora-tory.

EXSPUITION, [expsuo, Latin, } a discharge of saliva by spit-ting- rr

EXTASY, a transport which suspends the function

of the senses, by the intense contemplation of some extraordinaryor supernatural object, or when God impresses on the imaginationthe extraordinary- ideas of any thing lie would reveal.

Extasy, in medicine, a species of catalepsy-, when a personperfectly remembers after the paroxy sm is over, the ideas he con-ceived during the tiisa* it lasted. In an extasy there must be anunusual tension of the sensory, as is common in delirium, Ac .

EX I END, in law, signifies to value the lands or tenements ofa person bound by a statute, &c. who lias forfeited the same, atsuch an indifferent rate, that by the yearly rent the creditor intime may be paid his debt. See' Extent.

EXTENDI FACIAS, a writ to extend lands, Ac . Seethepreceding article.

EXTENSION, in philosophy, one of the common and essen-tial properties of body, or that by which it possesses or takes upsome part of universal space, which is called the place of thatbody. Extension is threefold, 1. Either into length only, andthen it is called a line. Or, 2. Into length and breadth, which iscalled a superficies. Or, 3. Into length, breadth, and depth,which is called a solid; being the three dimensions according tothe quantity of which the magnitude or hulk of bodies are esti-mated. See Line, Sufehficies, and Solid. See also Physicsand Metaphysics.

EXTENSOR, an appellation given to several muscles, fromtheir extending or stretching the parts to which they belong.

EXTENT, in law, is used for, 1. a writ to the sheriff for thevaluing of lands or tenements; and 2. the act of the sheriff', orcommissioner, upon this writ.

EXTENUATION, a figure in rheteric, the opposite of thehvperbole. The Greeks call it >%%;.

' EXTERMINATION, or EXTERMINATING, in algebra,is used for taking away. Thus algebraists speak of exterminatingsurds, fractions, and unknown quantities, out of equations. SeeMaclaur. Algebr . part. i. chap. 12, where we have some generaltheorems for the exterminating of unknown quantities in givenequations. See also Algebra , in this work.

EXTERNAL ANGLES, are the angles on the outside of anyright-lined figure, when all the sides are severally produced, andthey are all, taken together, equal to four right angles. See Geo-metry .

EXTINGUISHMENT, inlaw-, is a consolidation, where onehas due to him a yearly rent, and afterwards purchases the landsout of which the rents arise; both the propertv and the rent beingthus united in one possessor, the rent is said to’be extinguished,

EXTIRPATION E, inlaw, a judicial writ that lies against aperson, who, after-a verdict found against him for land, Ac . mali-ciously overthrows a house, or extirpates anv trees upon it.

Extirpation, in surgery, the cutting off' of any part entirely,as a wen, Ac. or the eating of it away, as a wart, Ac. by corro-sive medicines.

VOL. II.—no. 78,

EXT1SPEX, [Eat.] in antiquity, the person who drew presagesfrom viewing the entrails of animals offered in sacrifice.

EXTORTION, inlaw, is an illegal manner of wresting any-thing from a man, either by force, menace, or authority. It isalso the exaction of unlawful usury, winning by unlawful games,and taking more than is due under pretence of right, as excessivetolls in millers, Ac . At the common law-, extortion is punishableby line and imprisonment; and the statute of 3 Eliz, I. c. 30, hasenacted, that officers of justice guilty of extortion for the expedi-tion of business, Ac . shall render to the party treble value. Thereare likewise divers other statutes for punishing extortions of she-riff's, bailiffs, gaolers, clerks of the assize, and of the peace, altor-nies, solicitors, Ac .

EXTRA, a Latin preposition signifying without, and used in,composition with other words, as for instance, 1. Extra-judicial,where judgement is given in a cause that is not depending in thecourt where the same passed; or whereon the judgement has imkjurisdiction. 2. Extra-parochial, which i3 said of places out of thehounds of any parish, or freed from the duties of a parish. Thegreatest part of the forests in England are extra-parochial.

EXTRACTION, in genealogy, implies the stock or familyfrom which a person is descended.

Extraction, in surgery, is the drawing of any foreign matterout of the body by the hand, or by the help of instruments. SeeSurgery..

Extraction of Roots, in algebra and arithmetic, the methodsof finding the roots of given numbers or quantities. See Alge-bra, and Arithmetic .

EXTRACTOR, in midwifery, an instrument for extractingchildren by the head.

EXTRACTS, in pharmacy, are those medicinal preparationsobtained by boiling vegetable substances in water, and evaporatingthe strained decoction in broad, shallow vessels, to a thick consist-ence. Thus the most active parts of the plants are separated fromthe useless insoluble earthy matter. As extraction is a chemicalprocess, generally performed by the apothecary, we shall onlyobserve, that the following extracts are directed to be kept in theshops by the London college: viz. extract of broom-tops; of cas-carilla; of chamomile; of Peruvian bark with, and without, itsresin ; of colocynlh compounded with aloes, scammony, Ac. ; ofgentian; of liquorice ; of black hellebore; of jalap; of log-wood;of white poppy ; of rue; of savin ; of senna; of wild cucumbers,Ac .

EXTRADOS, the outside of an arch of a bridge, vault, Ac .

EXTRAJUDICIAL, in law, is when judgement is given in acause, not depending in that court where it is given, or wherein thejudge has no jurisdiction.

KXTRAORDlNAIUI, among the Romans, was a body ofmen consisting of a third part of the foreign horse, and a fifth ofthe foot, winch was separated from the rest of the forces borrowedfrom the confederate states with great policy and caution, to pre-vent any design that they might entertain against the naturalforces.

EXTRAVAGANTF.S, decretal epistles published after theClementines; so called, because at first they were not rangedwith the other papal constitutions, but seemed to be detached fromthe canon law. They were afterwards inserted in the body of thecanon law.

EXTRAVASATION, arises from the bursting or breaking ofone or more of the blood-vessels, alter contusions, fractures, andother injuries of the head, as well as other parts of the body : thisaccident is attended with such a copious discharge of blood, asfrequently occasions the most violent pain, and death itself, un-less the patient he timely relieved. See Medicine and Sur-gery .

EXTREME, and MEAN PROPORTION, in geometry, iswhen a line is so divided, that the whole line is to the greater'seg-inent, as that segment is to the other: or, when the line is so di-vided, that the rectangle under the whole line, and the less seg-ment, is equal to the square of the greater segment.

Extremes, in logic, denote the two extreme terms of the con-clusion of a syllogism, viz. the predicate and subject. They arecalled extremes, from their relation to another term, wliiell is amedium or mean between them. The predicate, as being like-wise had in the first proposition, is called the majns extremum,greater extreme; and the subject, as being put in the second or■i Y minor