FARRIERY.
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of tiie one will apply pretty accurately to the other. Thus, thehorse is an animal composed like the human subject, of solids andfluids; of bones, cartilages, ligaments, fibres, membranes, arteries,veins, nerves, absorbents, muscles, glands, Si c. It is therefore un-necessary Here to repeat tiie definitions anil descriptions of theseparts already inserted under anatomy, which, with little variation,will apply to those of the horse; and for this reason, we refer thereader to Anatomy , Zootomy, and the above-mentioned works,ami shall on this part of the subject only consider the external de-nominations, the skeleton, the contents of the chest and belly, withthe principal parts of the feet.
Of the External Parts of a IIorsf..
“ The first thing,” says Mr. Peeves, “ that offers itself to ourview, is the coat, or hair. This has different denominations inseveral parts of the body. The fore-top is called the lopping, ortuke : the hairs on the under lip are the beard: those along theupper part of the neck arc called the mane : the part that is mostarched, the crest; and when that sinks, a horse is said to be crest-fallen : the tuft of hair on the lower part of the leg behind, abovethe heel, is termed the fetlock, or feet lock : the hair, that growsround over the top of the hoof, is named the crown, crownet, orrrowt: the hair on the eye-lids is the brills. The usual term forthe body of a horse, is the carcass. The fore-head is often calledthe brow. The two hollows above the eyes, which are most re-markable in old horses, are termed the eye-pits. The mark,which often runs down the face, is the rache: and the while spoton the forehead, the star. The back part of the head, where itjoins the neck is the poll: and the juncture of the head and neck,the onset, or setting on, of the head. The lips with the tip of thenose form the muzzle. The place on the inside of the mouth,where the tongue lies is the chanict. The fleshy rows that runacross the upper part of the mouth, and are very remarkable inyoung horses, are called the bars. The top of the shoulder blades,and the highest part of the spine at the setting on of the neck arethe withers; and from the top of these a horse is measured toknow his size. From the withers to the hind part of the back arethe reins. Next the reins are the loins, though some cal! thewhole extent, from the withers to the croup, the reins. The ex-tremity of the reins, above the hips, to the tail, is called the croup.The part where the crupper lies is the channel; and the tad is thedock, or runt. The sinking of the back, if any, is named thesway. The hinder part of the belly, next the genitals, is calledthe flank, which reaches from the small ribs to the haunches. Theloose skin which covers the yard is the sheath. The belly reachesfrom the brisket to the sheath. The point from the withers to thetop of the thigh, inclosing the whole breast on both sides, is calledthe shoulder. The fore-legs, or arms, begin from the shoulder;and the hind part, pointing towards the brisket, is the elbow.The middle joint is the knee, to which the fore-leg reaches. Theextent from the knee to the pastern is called the shank ; and thestrong tendon behind the shank, which is inserted into the heel,is termed the back sinew. The place where the shank joins thepastern, is distinguished by the pastern, or fetlock joint. Thepastern reaches from tiie lower part of this joint to the foot, has ajoint in the middle, to facilitate the motion of the foot, which dis-tinguishes it into two parts; the greater pastern, next the shank,and the less, next the foot. The joining of this last with the !foot is called the coffin-joint. The hoof is by some called the ]horit, but most commonly tiie coffin, because it incloses the boneof Use foot. The tender part of the hoof, next the heel, is named [the frush ; and the ballot' the foot tiie frog: though some give !fhe same denomination to both, and thus the frush or frog rises 1from the middle of the foot, and reaches to the heel. The seal is jthe horny part, which covers the rest of the bottom ot the foot,and adheres to the verge of the hoof, where nails are driven when ;a horse is shod. '1 he sides meeting on the heel are the quarters, j- he hauneiies begin at the two bones of the back part of a horse,which inclose the ham, hock, or hough, 't he stifle is the knee- !Pan of a horse seated in the middle joint of the thigh ; and is out- iw.udly that pari, which sets out from the thigh towards (lie belly. !
lie thigh or gascoin, begins a! the stifle and reaches to the bernl- jnig oi the ham. The 1mm, or-hock, is the bending of the hind- !,and the round knob behind is called the heel of tiie hock, in !rich the great master sinew is inserted. The small of (lie hind-
leg is named the instep. Tiie pasterns and feet are distinguishedas in the fore-legs. '1 hat side of a horse, which we approach tomount him, is called the near side, and the other the iff side.Hence come the terms near foot and off foot, (he near eye and the■off eye, and so of the rest.”
The skeleton of the horse may be divided into the bead, trunk,and extremities. In Plate LXVI1I. fig. I. the letters uau u, shewthe os frontis, or forehead bone : b b, the parietal, or vertical bone :rcc, the occipital, by some called the knoll bone : dd, the temporalbone, made up of two parts, the squamous and petrous: c e,maxilla superior, or anterior -.j, jugal, or cheekbone; gg, nasal,or bones of the nose : It, os unguis: i i i, posterior jaw, or max-illa inierior: these are all the bones forming the head that appearon a side view. 'Fhe following figures refer lo particular parts cfthe bones, viz. 1. The petrous portion of the temporal bone, ahollow process, which forms. 2. The meatus auditories, or open-ing to the ear. 3. The maxillary process of the temporal bone.4. 'Hie cuneiform process of the occipital. 5. 'I he zygomaticprocess of the temporal, joined to tiie jugal process, and formingthe zygoma, or arch of this part. 6. 1 he occipital protuberance.7. The orbit, or cavity of the eye. 8. The coronoid process ofthe posterior or lower jaw. 9. 'I he condyloid process that arti-culates the posterior jaw with the head. 10. A hole, calk’d thesuperciliary foramen, through which the frontal nerve and arterypass. 11. A process of the tronlul bone joining w ith the zygoma-tic process of the temporal. 12. A hole transmitting a nerve andartery to the face. 13. A third foramen, from which proceeds-abranch of the 5lh pair of nerves, and an artery. 14. The grinders.13. The lushes. 1C. The nippers.
The Cervical Vertebra:, or N eck Bones . A A A A AAA,the 7 cervical vetebnr, the first of which, b, is called the atlas;the 2d dentate; c marks the transverse process of the first; asdddddd, do the same processes of the other six : cee,,&t c. thesuperior or antique oblique processes of the six last; in the first itis wanting: fff, &c. their inferior or posterior oblique processes vg gg, Si c. the spinous processes of tiie same.
The remainder of the bones of the Stine, a a an a a, Ac. the18 dorsal vertebra:; b, their spinous processes; c, their trans-verse processes; (1, their upper or anterior oblique processes;c, their lower or posterior oblique processes; f, the cartilageinterposed between each dorsal and lumbar vertebra; one onlyis marked, but will serve as a guide for the vest. BCDEF G, the lumbar vertebra’, or those of the loins. The same de-scription answers to these as to the dorsal, the great length of theirtransverse processes only being noticed. The numerals I, II, HI,IV, V, mark the five p : eces, of which the os sacrum is composedin the voting subject, but which by age become entire bone. Tiiefigures, from 1 to 18, denote the 18 bones of the tail.
Hopes of the Thorax, and Shoulder Blades . A A, thesternum: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ti, 7, S, the eight true ribs, so called as(heir cartilages are immediately attached to the sternum ; 9,10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, the false ribs, so called from theircartilages not being inserted into the sternum, but into each other ;a, the head that articulates with the transverse process of the firstvertebra of the back ; b, (he anterior part of Ihe head that is con-nected to tiie body of the seventh vertebra of the neck ; the samedescription answers for each of the other ribs. A. A. The sca-pula or shoulder blade ; a, tiie superior, or more properly aiueriorspinatus fossa; b, the inferior spinatus fossa; c, tiie spine whichdivides these two fossa, and from which they take their name ; d,the upper costa; t, the lower costa;./’, the neck ; g, coracoidapophysis: at the upper part is seen a line, shewing the extent ofthe cartilage of the scapula.
Bones of the I’ure-I.egs. B. The humerus, or bone of thearm; i, its head that articulates with the shoulder blade; /f, itsexternal condyle ; /, (he fossa, or cavity receiving the radius; m,that which receives the cubitus., c, the cubitus or ulna: this inthe young subject is a distinct bone, but in the grown horse isfastened to Ihe radius; it, the process called olecranon, forming theelbow. D. the radius ; n, its upper er.d ; p, its Iowa r extremity,forming a part of tin: kv.ee. E. the carpus, whice iu the horse isformed of 7 bonesthe tuvpesium, which in Use human subjectforms (lie 8 th, is wanting in the her e ; ibis pa:! fyn-Vy the wrist