467

POL

FOL

agreeably different colour, either deep or pale : thus, if a stone bewanted to be of a pale colour, put a'pale-coloured foil under it,or if deep, a dark one. These foils are made either of copper,gold, or gold and diver together. The copper foils are common-ly known by the name of Nuremberg, or German foils.

FOIX, a late county of France , anciently independent, butmuted to that kingdom by Henry IV. and now included in thedepartment of Arriejje.

Forx, a town of trance, in the department of Arriege, 8 milesS. of Panders.

FOKIEN, a province of China , bounded on the N. by that ofTche-Kiang; E. bv the sea; S. by Qnang-tong, and W. byKiang-Si. It is commodiously situated for navigation and com-merce.

FOLD-NET, among sportsmen, a sort of net with which smallbirds are taken in the night, of which there are two sorts; the lessmay he managed by one man only, but the greater must be car-ried bv two, and used thus: Jet the net tie fixed on both sides totwo strong, straight, and light poles about twelve feet long, eachman holding one of them ; let there he one behind them, at thedistance of two sards, to carry lights: the nets must be carriedbetween the wind amt the birds, which all naturally roost on theirperches with their breasts against the wind ; by reason of this, hetlmt beats tiie bushes on the other side of the hedge, will drivethem out that wav towards the light.

FOLIAGE, [ folium , Lat. J'euiltagc, Fr.] leaves; tufts ofleaves; the apparel of leaves to a plant.

Foliage, in architecture, used for the representations of flowers,leaves, branches, rinds, &c. whether natural or artificial, as areused for enrichments on capitals, friezes, pediments, &c.

FOLIATE, in the higher geometry, a name given by M. dekloivre to a curve of the second order, expressed by the equationa 3 -J- ;/ a •- ax it ; being a species of defective hyperbolas with oneaiymptote, and consisting ot two infinite legs crossing one another,and forming a sort of leaf.

FOLIATING of Glass Plates tor Mirrors, the spread-ing the plates over, after they are polished, with quicksilver, &c.to make them reflect images. It is performed thus: A thin blot-ting p. s per is spread on the table, aud then a tine lamina or leaf oftin called foil, is laid over the paper ; upon this is poured mer-cury, which is to he distributed equally over the leaf-with a hare’sfoot or cotton : over this is laid a clean paper, and over that theglass plate, which is pressed down with the right hand, and thepaper drawn gently out with the left: this being done, the plate iscovered with a thicker pap-T, and loaded with a greater weight,'that the superfluous mercury may be driven out and the tin ad-here more closely to the glass. When it is dried, the weight isremoved, and the looking-glass is complete. Some add an ounceot marrasite, melted by the lire, and, lest the mercury shouldevaporate in smoko, they pour it into cold water; and when cool-ed, squeeze through a cloth, or through leather. Some add a quar-ter of an ouime of tin and lead to the marcasite, that the glass maydry the sooner.

Foliating of Globe Glasses for Mirrors, is done asfollows: Take live ounces of quicksilver and mie ounce of bis-tputli ; of lead and tin, half an ounce each : first put llio lead andbn into fusion, then put in the bismuth ; and when that is also inbis'mn, let ii stand 1,11 it is almost cold, and pour the quicksilverinto it: alter this, take the glass globe, which must be very ciean,? ll< l the inside free from dust : make a p '.per tunnel, which putinto the hole of the globe, .is near the glass as possible, so that the^nalgain, when poured in, may not plash, and cause the glass tobe lull of spots ; pour it in gently, and move it about, so that the•anal gam mav touch everywhere: if the amalgam begin'to hecurcilv and fixed, hold it over a gentle lire, and it will easily flowa B a ’n ; and if I' lie too thin, add a little more lead, tin, and bis-jfiuth, to it. The finer and clearer the globe is, the better will thelooking-glass he. Dr. Shaw observes, that this operation lias eon-3| derable advantages, as being performuble in the cold ; ami that'f is not attended-with the danger of poisonous fumes from arsenic,cj other unwholesome matters, usually employed for this purpose.How far it may lie applicable to the more commodious foliating ofbe common looking-glasses, and other speculums, he thinks, de-serves to be considered.

FOLIFERO-FLORIFEROUS PLANTS, plants that pro-

duce both leaves and ilowers. Some plants, as the Alnus, pro-duce leaves only : others, as the Populus, Fraxinus , dec. bear leavesand flowers distinct.

FOLIGN1, FOLIGNO, or FULIGNO, a town of Italy , inthe duchy of Spoletto, anciently called Fulginimn. It containseight churches, and twenty-three convents ; and is famous for itspaper-mills and silk manufactures. It is seated on the side of amountain, 15 miles N. of Spoleto, and 69 N. of Rome .

FOLIO , among printers and booksellers the largest form ofhooks, when each sheet is so printed, that it may be bound up intwo leaves only. This form is only used in large works ; but thequarto or octavo forms are much more handy.

Folio , in merchant’s hook-, denotes a page, or rather both theright and left hand pages, these being expressed by the same fi-gure, and corresponding to each other. See Book-keeping.

I'OLIS. See Foi.us.

FOLIUM, or LEAF, in botany. See Leaf.

FOLKES, Martin, an English antiquary, mathematician,and philosopher, _born at Westminster about 1099, greatly distin-guished as F. R. S. London, and of the Academy of Sciences atParis. He was admitted into the former at 24 years of age ; madeone of their council two years after; named by Sir Isaac Newton himself as vice-president; and, alter Sir Hans Sloan , became pre-sident. There are numerous Memoirs of his in the PhilosophicalTransactions . Coins, ancient and modern, were his great, object:and his la-4 production was a book upon the “ English SilverCoin, from the Conquest to his own Times.” He died at Lon-don in 1734. Dr. Birch drew up materials for his life, which arepreserved in the Anecdotes of Bower, p. 562, et seq.

FOLKESTONE, a town of Kent , between Dover and Hythe,'appeal’s to have been a very ancient place, from the Roman coinsand British brie ks often found in it. It is 7 miles S. W. of Dover,and 72 E. S. E. of London .

FOLK-LANDS, or FOLC-LANDS, [Sax .] copyhold lands,so called in the time of the Saxons , as charter-lands were calledboc-lands, Kitcli. 174. Folk land was terra vulgi or popularis ;the land cf the vulgar people, who had no certain estate therein,but held the same, under the rents and services accustomed oragreed, at the will only of their lord the thane ; and it was there-fore not put in writing, hut accounted pradium rusticum et igno-bile. Spelm. of Feuds, e. 5.

FOLKMOTE, or FOLCMOTE, f Folcgemot, Sax. i. e. ameeting of the people,] is compounded of folk, the people, andmote, or gemote, to meet; and signified originally, as Somner iniiis Saxon Dictionary informs us, a general assembly of the peo-ple, to consider of and order matters of the commonwealth. AndSir Henry Spelman says, the folcmote was a sort of annual parlia-ment, or convention of the bishops, thanes, aldermen, and free-men, upon every May-day yearly; where the laymen were swornto defend one another and the king, and to preserve the laws ofthe kingdom ; and then consulted the common safety. But Dr.Brady infers from the laws of the Saxon kings of England, that itwas an inferior court, held before the king’s reeve or steward,every month, to do folk right, or compose smaller differences,from whence there lay appeal to the superior courts-; Gloss, p. 43.Squire seems to think the folcmote not distinct from the shiremot,or common general meeting of the county. See his Angl. Sax .Gov. 15J>. n.

Folkmote was also used for any kind of popular or publicmeeting; as of all the tenants at the eourt-lcet, or court-baron.

FOLLICLE, ifolliculus, Latin, ] in botany, the seed-vessels,capsula seminalis, or ca^e, which some fruits and seeds haw overthem ; as that of the aikejigi, pedicularis, &c.

FOLLICULl are defined by L’rnnaris to be small glandularvessels distended with air, which appear on the surface of someplants ; as at the root of water milfoil, and on the leaves of aldro-vanda. In the former, the vessels in question are roundish withan appearance like tw o horns ; in the latter, pot-shaped, and semi-circular.

FOLL1CULUS, [from foltis, Lat. a bag,] is also a species ofseed-vessel, first mentioned by Linnxus, in his “ DelineatioPlants 1 .”

FOLLIS, or FOLIS, anciently signified a little bag or purse;v hence it came to be used for a sum of money, and very differentsums were calk'd by that name.

FOMAIIANT.