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loud against him, and occasioned more than one removal. Histalents were hid among obscure country congregations, until 1724;when lie was chosen to succeed Dr. Gale in Barbican, where helaboured as pastor above 20 years. The Sunday evening lecture,begun in the Old Jury meeting-house in 1728, which he conductedwith uncommon applause for more than twenty years, indisputablyshewed his abilities as a preacher. Persons of all persuasions andranks in life Hocked to hear him : and Mr. Pope has honoured himwith a commendatory couplet to his satires; which, however, hiscommentator laboured to destroy the intention of, by a frivolousnote. In 1740 he attended Lord Kilmarnock, at his execution on jTower-hill; an oftice which his friends thought had made too deep [an impression on his sympathizing spirit, as his vivacity abated jfrom that time. lie died in 1753 ; after having published several jvaluable compositions and sermons; particularly, 1. A Defence ofChristianity, against Tindal’s Christianity as old as the Creation, j2. An Essay on Fundamentals. 3. Four volumes of Sermons. 4. JDiscourses on Natural Religion and Social Virtue, in 4to. i
Foster, Samuel, an ingenious mathematician of the 17th cen- !tury, and astronomical professor in Gresham college , was one of jthat learned association which met for cultivating the new philoso-1phy, during the political confusions, and which Charles II . estab- jlished into the Royal Societv. He died, however, in 1652, be-fore this incorporation took place: but wrote several mathemati-:cal and astronomical treatises. j
■ FOTIl ERG ILL, John, an eminent physician, born in 1712.at Car End in Yorkshire of reputable parents who were Quakers , jlie took his doctor’s degree at Edinburgh , in 1736. In the same |year he became a pupil in St. Thonias’sbospital, and in 1740 went jabroad. On his return he settled in London : and in 174S ac-;squired a great reputation, bv a tract, intituled, an Account of theSore Throat attended with (/leers. This disease was at that timevery prevalent and fatal. In 1754 he became a member of theEdinburgh College of Physicians; and in 1763 a fellow of theRoyal Society . When the differences broke out between thiscountry and the American colonies, he laboured much to preventHostilities, and had conferences with Dr.Franklin for that purpose.Dr. Fothergill was a man of amiable maimers, a skilful physician,a great encourager of learning, and an excellent botanist. He diedin 1780. His works have been printed in 3 vols. 8vo. with his life pre-fixed. He was at the expence of printing Purver’s translatini ofthe Bible, and an edition of Percy’s Key to the New Testament ,for a seminary of Quakers in Yorkshire . His brother Samuel wasa considerable preacher among the Quakers , and died in 1773.
FO TH ERG1LLA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria digyuiaclass and order. Calyx ament, ovate; scales one-tlowered ; co-rolla calyx-form, one-petaled, five-cleft. There is but onespecies.
POTHERING, a peculiar method of endeavouring to stop aleak in the bottom of a ship w hile she is afloat, either under sail orat anchor. A basket is tilled with ashes, cinders, and choppedrope-yarns, and loosely covered w ith a piece of canvas; to thisis fastened a long pole, by which it is plunged repeatedly into thewater, as close as possible to the place w here the leak is conjec-tured to lie. The oakhum or chopped rope-yarns being thusgradually shaken through the twigs, or over the top of the basket,are frequently sucked into the hole along with the water, so thatthe leak becomes immediately choaked ; and the future entranceof the water is thereby prevented.
FOTHKRINGAY, a town of Norihamptonshire, about fourmiles from Staneford, situated on the Avon.
FOUAN, a town of Asia , in Corea.
FOU-CH AN, a town of China , in the province of Chr.ng-tong;25 miles$. E. of Teng-tcheon.
FOUCHARMONT, a town of France , in the department ofthe Lower Seine ; nineteen and an half miles S. cf Dieppe , andthree N. E. of Neufchatel.
FOUE, a large town of Egypt on the Nile , 25 miles S. of Ro-setta, and 40 E. of Alexandria.
FOUESNANT, a town of France , in the department cfFinis-terre, seven and a half miles S. of Quimper .
FOUGADE, [French, ] in the art of war, a sort of little minein the manner of a well, scarce more than ten feet w ide, and twentydeep, dug under some work of fortification, and charged with bar-rels or sacks of gunpowder to blow it up, and covered ovef w ith<arth.
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FOUGERES, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire. It is 24 miles N. E. of Rennes .
I'OUL, in sea-language, is used w hen a ship has been long un-triunned, so that the grass weeds, or branches, grow on her sidesunderwater. It is also used for the running of one ship againstanother. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind,and sometimes by the carelesncss of the people on board, to shipsin the same convoy, and to ships in |>ort by means of others comingin. 'I’he damages occasioned by running foul, are of the nature otthose in which both parties must bear a share. They are usuallymade half to fall upon the sufferer, and half upon the vessel whichdid the injury ; but in cases where it is evidently the fault of themaster of the vessel, he alone is to bear the damage.
Foul, in husbandry, a disease in cattle, proceeding from blood,and a waterish rheum that falls down into the legs, and makes themswell.
Foul Water. A ship is said to make foul water, when, beingunder sail, she comes into such shoal-water, that though her keeldo not touch the ground, yet it comes so near it, that the motionof the water under her raises the mud from the bottom.
FOU LA, or FOUL ISLAND, one of the Shetland isles, lyingbetween six and seven leagues W. from the main land.
FOULNESS, in geography, an island of England the S. E.coast of Essex , six miles L. of Rochford.
FOULNEY, an island on the coast of Lancashire , S. W. of theSands.
l'OULOU-SOUSOU, a town of Chinese Tartary, outlie Sag"halien, nine miles N. E. of Telden.
FOUNDATION, in architecture, is that part of a building whichis under ground. See Architecture and Building.
Foundation, denotes also a donation or legacy, either in moneyor lands, for the maintainance and support of some community/hospital, school, See.
IOUNDER, in a general sense, (he person who lays a fotiij'dation, or endows a church, school, religious-house, or other chan*table institution. The founder of a church may preserve to him'self the right of patronage, or presentation to the living.
Founder, also implies, an artists who east metals, in variousform«, for different uses, as guns, bells, statues, printing characters)candle-sticks, buckles, See. whence they are denominated gu»"founders, bell-founders, figure-founders, letter-founders, foundersof small works, See. See Foundry .
Founder, in glass-making, a term appropriated to the greedglass, and is the person there who in the same office in the whitegla-s-making is called conciator.
Founder, [fondre, Fr.] in sea-language is used, when a ship*by an extraordinary leak, or by a great sea breaking in upon h<‘ r *is so tilled with water, that she cannot be freed ot it; so that sh ecan neither veer nor steer, but lie like a log ; and not being ableto swim long, will at last sink.
FOUNDERED FEET. See Farriery . ,
FOUNDERY, a place where figures are formed of melt*-’metal ; a casting-house. .i
Foundery, or Foundry , signifies also the art of casting 3sorts of metals into different forms.
Foundery of Bf.lls. The metal, it is to be observed, isfiwcnt for bells from what is for statues ; there being no tin in tlatter; but there is one-fifth,-and sometimes more, in the bemetal. The dimensions of the core and the wax for bells, if aof bells especially, are not left to chance, but must be measured
a scale, or diapason, which gives the height, aperture, and tln c
ness, necessary for the several tones required. It is on the"that the several mouldings and other ornaments and inscrip* l0 j'.to be represented in relievo on the outside of the bell, are fortYi^ _the clapper or tongue is not properly a part of the bell, but isnished from other bands. In Europe , it is usually of iron,a large knob at the extremity ; and is suspended m the ^of the bell. In China , it is only a huge wooden mallet, sf r V r U. oiforce of arm against the bell; whence they can have but Id”that consonancy so much admired in some of our rings °* ^ g{
The Chinese have an extraordinary way of increasing the spuntheir bells, viz. by leaving a hole under the cannon; whn** jjjbell founders would reckon a defect. The proportions of ° 1 ’ r ,;^eS-differ very much from those of the Chinese , as well as their jji