FUR 517 FUR

tlie deceased till it is laid in the earth. In the funeral-procession,the exorcist walks first, carrying the holy water; next the cross-bearer, afterwards the rest of the clergy, and last ot all the officiat-ing priest. They all-sing the miserere, and some other psalms;and at the end of each psalm a requiem. We learn lrom Alet’sritual, that tlic faces of deceased laymen must be turned towardsthe altar, when thev art: placed in the church; and those of theclergy, towards the people. The corpse is placed in the churchsurrounded with lighted tapers: alter the ollice tor the dead, massis said; then the officiating priest sprinkles the corpse thrice withhole water, and as often throws incense on it. The body beinglaici in the grave, the friends and relations of the deceased sprinklethe grave with holy water.

Funeral Expences, in law, are allowed previous to all otherdebts and charges; but if the executor or administrator be extrava-gant, it is a species of devastation or waste of the substance of thedeceased, and shall only he prejudicial to himself and not to thecreditors or legatees of the deceased. Hut, in strictness, no fune-ral-expenees arc allowable against a creditor, except lor the shrouds,coffin, ringing (lie hell, parson, clerk, grave-digger, and hearer’sfees, but not for pall or ornaments.

FUNGI, [from rftyyaf, Juiigits,'] in botany, the fourth order otthe twenty-fourth class of vegetables, in the l.inna'an s\stem;comprehending all those which are of the mushroom kind, andwhich in Tournefortjs constitute the second, third, fourth, fifth,sixth, seventh, and eighth, genera of the first section in the classseventeen. This order contains ten genera. See Agaiucus, Bo-letus, Cr.AVAiuA, Lycopkrdo.v, fiC. and BoT.WY.

Fungi, an order of plants in the Fragmenta Mclhodi Xaluralisof 1 ,inn:cus,

FUNG1T/E, in natural hislorv, a kind of fossile coral, of a co-nic figure, though sometimes halted and striated longitudinally.

FUR , or FURR, incommerce, signilies the skins of wild beasts,dressed in alum with llm hair on; and used as a part of dress, byprinces, magistrates, and others. The kinds most in use are thoseof the ermine, sable, castor, hair, eonev, fke. See Castor, ( a-v ia, Lupus , Mustf.la, No. It was not till tfie later ages that thefurs of beasts became an article of luxury. The relined nations ofuntiipiitv never made use of them; those alone who were stigma-tized as barbarians were clothed in the skins of animals. Those atpresent used are imported chiefly from North America , andRussia .

FURCA, in antiquity, a piece of timber resembling a fork,Used bv the Romans as an instrument of punishment.

FUftCH L, in heraldry, a cross forked at the ends.

F'UKIA, in natural historv, a genus of the class and order ver-mes intestina, having a hodv linear, equal, filiform, and eiliate,•each side with a single row of reflected prickles, pressed close tothe body ; one species only is mentioned by Gmelin, viz. the 1’.infcrnalis, which inhabits the vast marshy plains of Bothnia andFinland , where it crawls up shrubs and sedge-grass, and being car-ried forwards bv the wind, penetrates suddenly into the exposedparts of men and cattle, where it quickly buries itselt under theskin, leaving a black point w here it had entered, which is frequent-ly succeeded bv exerueiathig pains, inflammation, and evendeath. This fatal termination takes no length of time, a few hours,or a dav, living suflieient for (lie whole process, unless the animalhe almost instantly extracted bv means of the knife, or a milk-poultice.

l'U R1.E, or FURIES, in Pagan mythology,_ goddesses, whoseolliees it was to punish the guilty after death. '1 hey sprang fromthe blood of the wound which Ccelus received from his son Sa-turn. According to others, they were daughters of Earth , andconceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters°t Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine. According tothe more received opinions, they were three in number, 1 isi-phone, Megara, and Aleeto, to which some add Nemesis. Phi-taych mentions onlv one called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter andNe r ,. >s jj v> They were supposed to lie the ministers of the ven-fieance of the gods; stern and inexorable; always employed inPmushing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the internal regions.1 he\ were also called Eimiemdes and F.rinnydes. ^ I he Alhe-nians styled them ftfJLVttt Qat i. venerable goddesses. I heir worship"as almost universal; and people dared not to mention theirnames, or fix (heir eves upon their temples.

vol. n.— no. yo.'

FURLING, in the sea-language, signifies the wrapping up andbinding any sail close to the yard ; which is done by bawling uponthe clew-line', bunt-lines, See. which wraps llie sail close together,and being bound fast to the yard the sail is furled.

EUR LONG, [furtangt’Snx.'] a long measure, equal to one-eighth of a mile, or forty poles. It is also used, in some law-books,for the eighth part of an acre.

EU R I.OUG’M, in the military language, a licence granted byan officer to a soldier, to be absent tor some time from hisduly.

EURNACE, an utensil torai'e and maintain a vehement lire in,whether of coal or wood. In order to apply lire, to manage andto direct it where it is to act, furnaces are convenient, and they arethe most necessary and indispensable iii'lnnnents to chemists. '1 hematerials of which they are constructed ought to be sufficientlyproof against, that degree of heat, which they are intended to he ex-posed to. Commonly they are Imilt of bricks, made ol sand andclay, or of cast-iron, or ol iron plates, which, the better to he de-fended against the lire, are coaled (in tin: inside) to the thicknessof ail inch w ith Windsor loam. According to Lewis, variouskinds of tire-proof furnaces, for small experiments, may be preparedfrom black-lead crucibles. The burning of the fuel is kept up illthe furnace either by a natural current of air, which i< caused bythe lire itself, and such a furnace is called an air wind-turnace; orit is done In compressed air, conveyed to the furnace by a largebellows, as in biast-furnaees. 1 n all furnaces the principal things tolie attended to are, 1. To confine the heat as much as possible tothe matter to he operated upon ; 2. To prevent its being dissipated ;.1. To produce as much heat with as little fuel as possible; and, 4-.To have it in our pow er to regulate the degree of heat accordingto our pleasure. To answer the first intention, the fire is usuallyconlined in a chamber or cavity built on purpose for it, and fur-nished with a door for putting in the fuel; a grate for supporting it,and allowing air to pass through, as well as the ashes to drop downinto a cavity provided on purpose, and called the ash-pit. Thusthe heal produced by the inflamed fuel is confined by the sides ofthe furnace, and obliged lo spend great part of its force upon thesubject inclosed. The second intention, viz. to prevent the dis-sipation of the heat, is obtained by shutting the door of the fur-nace ; taking care that the chimney be not too wide, and that thematter to be acted upon he placed in such a manner, that the liremay have ils full clfect upon it as it goes up the chimney, 'l hethird intention, which is the most important, is at the same timethe most difficult to answer, and depends entirely upon the pro-portion between the spaces betwixt the furnace-bars and the wide-ness and height of the chimney. This will appear from a con-sideration of the principles on which the degrees ot inflammation-are produced. 'I hese depend entirely on the current of air whichpasses through the intlamed fuel. As soon as the fuel is set oti tire,a certain degree of heat is produced ; hut unless, a constant inllux ofair is admitted through the burning fuel, the lire is instantly ex-tinguished ; nor is it possible by any means to renew the inflam-mation until we admit a stream of fresh air among the fuel. AY lienthis is done, a rarefaction commences in the air of the fire-placeof the furnace: so that it is no longer a counterpoise to the ex-ternal air, and is therefore driven up the chimney by that whichenters at the ash-pit. This again passing through the fuel, is rare-lied in its turn; and giving place to fresh quantities, there is aconstant (low of air up the chimney. In proportion to the rare-faction of the air in the tire-place, the greater is the heat. But bya certain construction of the furnace, the under part of the chim-ney will become almost as strongly heated as the tire-place ; bywhich means, though a very strong current of air is forced througiithe fuel, yet as great part of the heat is spent on the chimney,where it can be of no me, the fuel is wasted in a very considera-ble degree. To avoid this, we have no other method than to con-tract the throat of the chimney occasionally by a sliding-plate;which when put quite in, shuts up the whole vent; and bv beingdraw it out more or less, leaves a larger or smaller vent at pleasure.'I his plate ought to he quite drawn out till the fuel is thoroughlykindled, and the furnace well heated, so that a current of,air mayflow strongly througii the fuel. After ibis the plate is to he pul ina certain length, so as just to prevent the smoke from coming outat the door of the furnace. The rarefaction of the air in the lirc-nlacewill solicit a very considerable draught of air, which will keep the0 " futI