GUT
654
GYM
four inches, running the whole length near one edge. One halfthe length of this side consists of two plain diagonal-scales, fortaking off dimensions to three places of figures. On the otherhalf or foot of this side, are contained various lines relating to tri-gonometry, in the natural numbers, and marked thus, viz.
Rumb.’the rumbs or points of the compass;
Tang, the tangents ;
S. T. the semi-tangents; and at the other end of this half arc,
Leag. leagues, or equal parts;
Rumb, another line of rumbs;
M. L. miles of longitude;
Chor. another line of chords.
Also in the middle of this foot are L, and^ 5 , two other lines ofequal parts: and all these lines on this side of the scale serve fordrawing or laying down the figures to the cases in trigonometryand navigation. On the other side of the scale, are the followingartificial or logarithmic lines, which serve for working or resolvingthose cases; viz.
S. R. the sine-rumbs;
T. R. the tangent-rumbs ;
Numb, line ot numbers;
Sine, sines;
V. S. the versed sines;
Tang, the tangents;
Meri. Meridional parts;
E. P. Equal parts.
GUNTOOR, a circar of Ilindostan, N. of the Carnatic , and S.of the Kistnah, extending 40 miles along the bay of Bengal. Itbelongs to Britain .
GUNWALE, or GUNNEL of a SHrp. That piece of tim-ber which reacln s on either side of the ship from the half-deck tothe fore-eastle, being the uppermost bend which finishes the up-■works sf the hull in that part, and wherein they put the stanchionswhich support the waste trees; and this is called the gunwale,whether there be guns in the ship or no; and the lower part of anyport, where any ordnance are, is also termed the gunwale.
GURNARD. See Trigla.
GURKAII MONDELLA, a circar of Ilindostan, betweenAllahabad ar.d Berar; 120 miles long, and from 40 to 80 broad.
Gurrah, the capital of the above.
GUSSAGO, a town and district of the late Cisalpine republic ,in the department of the Mela.
GUSSET, in heraldry, is formed hyaline drawn from the dex-ter or sinister chief points, and falling down perpendicularly to theextreme base.
GUSTAVIA , in botany, a genus of the poly&ndria order, andmonadelphia class of plants. Calyx none ; petals very numerous;berry multilocular; seeds appendaged. It has only cue species, atree of Surinam and Cayenne.
GUSTAV US 1. king of Sweden, son cf Eric Vasa , duke ofGripsholm. Christian II . king of Der.ma.i having made himselfmaster of Sweden, confined Gustavus at Copenhagen ; but hemaking his escape, wandered long in the forests, till the crueltiesof the tyrant having occasioned a revolution, he was lirst declaredgovernor of Sweden , and then, in 1513, elected king He intro-duced Lutheranism into his dominions, and died in 1560.
Gustavus Adoliltus, the Great, king of Sweden , was bornat Stockholm in 15?4, and succeeded his father Charles IX. in1611. He espoused the cause of the Protestants in Germany , whowere oppressed by Ferdinand!, lie was a great warrior, audgained many victories, but was killed in the battle of Lutzen ,where his troops got the victory, and: defeated two of the emperor’sarmies, in Nov. 1632.
GUTTrE, in architecture, are ornaments in the form of littlecones, used in the plafond of the Doric corniehe, or on the archi-trave underneath the triglvphs, representing a sort of drops or bells.They are usually six in number. See Architecture.
Gutt® Anglican®, English Drops, a chemical prepara-tion esteemed of great virtue against vapours and lethargic affec-tions, and purchased at 50001. by king Charles II. from the inventor,Dr. Goddard. It is a spirit drawn by the retort from raw milk,and rectified with an e-sential oil.
GUT'J A ROSACEA, in medicine, a red or pimpled face ; a
distemper which, though not always owing to hard drinking, ismost incident to tipplers.
Gutta Serena, a disease in which the patient, without anyapparent fault in the eye, is deprived of sight. See Medicine.
GUTTERS, in architecture, a kind of canals in the roofs ofhouses, serving to receive and carry off the rain.
GUTTURAL, [gutturalis, Latin, ] a term applied to lettersor sounds pronounced or formed as it were in the throat. Thereare four guttural letters in the Hebrew , viz. ynn«, which, formemory’s sake, are termed ahachah.
GU’i’TY, in heraldry, a term used when any thing is chargedor sprinkled with drops. In blazoning, the colour oi the drops isto be named.
GUY, [from guide,'] a rope used to lift any thing into theship.
Guy is also a large slack rope, extending from the head of themain-mast to the head of the fore-mast, and having two or threelarge blocks fastened to the middle of it; to sustain the tackle usedto hoist in and out the cargo of a merchant-ship.
GUZ, an Indian measure, = 1 yard English .
GUZERAT, a peninsula of Ilindostan, 170 miles long, and 140
broad, formed by the Arabian sea , and the gulf of Cambay. It wasthe richest province in the Mogul’s empire.
Gl’ZES, in heraldry, roundless of a sanguine or murry colour.These, from their bloody hue, are by some supposed to repre-sent wounds.
GYARUS, one of the Cyclades , E. of Delos, 12 miles incompass. It was a desart island, and allotted fora place of ba-nishment by the Romans.
GYBING, the act of shifting any boom-sail from one side ofthe mast to the other. By a boom-sail is meant any sail whosebottom is extended by a boom, the fore-end of which is hookedto its respective mast ; so as to swing occasionally on either sideof the vessel, describing an arch, of which the mast will be thecentre. As the wind or the course changes, it becomes neces-sary to change the position of the boom, with its sail, which is ac-cordingly shifted to the other side of the vessel as a door turns uponits hinges. The boom is pushed out by the effort of the windupon the sail, and is restrained in a proper situation by a strongtackle communicating with the vessel’s stem, called the sheet. Itis also confined on the fore part by the Guy.
GYMNANTI1ES, in botany, a genus of the monoecia nion,vdelphia class and order. Male ament naked ; perianth and co-rolla none; stamina pedicels three-parted or three-forked, another-bcaring; female ament or germ pcdicelled ; corolla none; styletrifid ; capsule tricoccous, three-celled. It has two species, na-tives of the West-Indies .
GYMNASIARCI1A, in antiquity, the director of the gym-nasium. He had two deputies under him ; the Xystarcha, and theGymnastes.
GYMNASIUM, [from yvgvo;, naked,] in Grecian antiquity, adace fitted for performing the exercises of the body, Ac. so calledjecause they put off their clothes, to practise with the more free-dom. Gymnasia were first used at Lacedaemon, hut were after-wards common in all parts of Greece ; and imitated, augmented,and improved, at Rome . There were three principal gymnasiaat Athens ; the Academy', the Lyceum, and the Cynosarges. Vi-truvius describes the structure and form of the ancient gymnasia,Iff), v. e. 11. They were called Palxstr*, from wrestling, whichwas one of the most usual exercises ; and the Romans also calledthem Therm*, because the bat Its made a principal part of them.They performed these exercises in Homer’s lime in drawers;which were not laid aside before the 32d Olympiad. One Or-sippus is said to have been the first who introduced the practice:for having been worsted by his drawers entangling him, lie threwthem aside, and the rest afterwards imitated him. The gymnasiawore a knot of buildings united, sufficiently capacious to holdmany thousands of people at once ; ami having room for philoso-sophers, rhetoricians, and the professors of all other sciences toread their lectures ; aud wrestlers, dancers, and all others whohad a mind to exercise ; at the same time without the least tlis■turbance or interruption. I'hey consisted of 12 pails, viz. i.Tlieexterior porticos, where the philosophers, rhetoricians, mathema-ticians, physicians, and oilier virtuosi, read public lectures, andwhere they also disputed and rehearsed their performances. 2-
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