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the road; in which cases, they behave with the utmost Zealandfidelity.

Janizaries, at Rome , ate officers of the pope, called also par-ticipantes, on account of certain duties which they enjoy in tlu:annates, bulls, or expeditions, being officers of the third bench orcollege oftlie Roman chancery.

JANNA, a terilory of European Turkey, in Macedonia , theThessalia oftlie ancients. Larissa is the capital.

Janna, or J anxina, a town in the above province, inhabitedby rich Greek merchants, 62 miles W. of Larissa .

JANOW1TZ, a town of Bohemia , iu the circle of Kaushim.It is 4S miles S. E. of Prague .

JANSEN, or JANSENIUS , Cornelius, D. D. bishop ofYpres, and professor of Divinity, in die universities of Louvain and Douay, was one of the most learned divines of the 17lh cen-tury, and founder of thesectoftheJansenists. He was horn in Hol-land, of Catholic parents, and studied at Louvain . Being sent totransact some business of consequence relating to the university,into Spain, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the in-tiiguing policy of Erance, engaged him to write a book to exposethe French to the pope as not good Catholics , as they formed alli-ances with Protestant states. Jansen performed this task in hisMars Gallicus; and was rewarded with the see of Ypres in 1635.He had, among other writings, before this, maintained a contro-versy against She Protestants upon the points of grace and pre-destination ; but his Augustinus was the principal labour of his life,on which he spent above 20 years.

JANSEN IS'TS, in church history, a sect of Roman Catholics in Erance, who followed die opinions of Dr. Jansenius , in relationto grace and predestination. In 1640, the universities of Louvain and Douay, and particularly E. Molina and F. Leonard Celsus,condemned the opinions of the Jesuits on grace and free will.This having set the controversy on foot, Jansenius opposed to thedoctrine of the Jesuits the sentiments of St. Augustine ; and wrotea treatise on grace, entitled Augustinus. This treatise was attackedby the Jesuits, who accused Jansenius of maintaining hereticalopinions; and afterwards, in 1642, obtained of pope Urban VIII .a formal condemnation of Jansenius ’s treatise; when the partisansof Jansenius gave out that the hull was spurious, and composed bya person devoted to the Jesuits. After the death of Urban, Jan-senism began to be more warmly controverted, and gave birlli toan infinite number of polemical writings concerning grace. Andwhat occasioned some mirth, was the titles each party gave to theirwritings: one published “ The Torch of St. Augustine,” anotherfound “ Snuffers for St. Augustine’s Torch,” and father Veronfound “ A Gag for the Jansenists, ” &c. In 1650, 6SbishopsofFrance subscribed a letter to pope Innocent X. requesting an en-quiry into, end condemnation of, the five following propositions,extracted from Jansenius’s Augustinus: 1. Some, of God ’s com-mandments are impossible to be observed by the righteous, eventhough they endeavour with all their power to accomplish them.2. In the state of corrupted nature, we are incapable of resistinginward grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a state of corrupted na-ture, does not depend on a liberty which excludes necessity, buton a liberty which excludes constraint. 4. The Semipf lagians ad-mitted the necessity of an inward preventing grace for the per-formance of each particular ac t, even for the beginning of faith ;but they were heretics in maintaining that this grace was of such anature, that the will of man was able either to resist or obey it. 5.It is Semipelagianism to say, that Jesus Christ died, or shed hisblood for all mankind in general. In 1652, the pope appointed acongregation for examining into- the dispute, Jansenius was con-demned; and the bull of condemnation, published in 1653, filledall the pulpits in Paris w ith violent outcries against the heresy ofthe Jansenists .

JANUAR1US, St. the patron-saint of Naples , where his headis occasionally carried in procession, in order to stop the eruptionsof Vesuvius . The liquefaction of his blood is a famous miracle atNaples . The saint suffered martyrdom about the end oftlie thirdcentury. When lie was beheaded, a pious lady of Naples caughtabout an ounce of his blood, which, tradition says, iws been care-fully preserved in a bottle ever since, without bavins: lost a singlegram of its weight. r i his of itself, were it demonstrable, might beconsidered as a greater miracle than the circumstance on which theNeapolitans lay the whole stress, viz. that the blood which lias con-

gealed, and acquired a solid form by age, is no sooner brought neatthe'head of the saint, than, as a mark of veneration, it immediatelyliquefies. This experiment is made thrice a-year, and is consideredby the Neapolitans as a miracle of the first magnitude. The sub-stance in the bottle, which is exhibited for the blood of the saint,is supposed to lie something naturally solid, but which melts witha small degree of heat. When first brought out of the cold chapel,it is in its solid state ; but when brought before the saint by thepriest, and rubbed between his warm hands, and breathed upon forsome time, it melts; and this is the whole mystery. The head andblood of the saint are kept in a kind of press, with folding doors ofsilver, in the chapel of St. J:u,Harms belonging to the cathedralchurch, The real head is probably not so fresh, and well pre-served, as the blood. On tact account it isnotexposedto Hie eyesof the public ; but is inclosed in a large silver bust, gilt and en-riched with jewels of high value. This being what appears to thepeople, their idea of the saint’s features and complexion are takenentirely from the bust. The blood is kept in a small repositoryby itself.

JANUARY, [from Janus, to whom it was consecrated, or fromje.nua, Lat. a gate, this month being as it were, the gate of theyear.] January and February were introduced into the year byNuma Pompiluis; Romulus’s year beginning in March. Thecalendar, or first oi this month, was under the protection of Juno,

! and consecrated to J .m: ■ bv an offering of a cake made of new mealand new salt, with n- w rank incense and new wine. On this day abe-ginning was made of every intended work ; the consuls elect tookpossession of their oilier,'and, with the llamines, offered sacrificesand prayeis for the prosperity of the eiftpire: all animosities weresuspended, and friends gave and received Streme, or new-year’sgilts. On this day too Hie Romans were jovial and meiry; andoftentimes such scene* oi drunkenness were exhibited, that theymight have distinguished it with the name of All-fools day. Theancient Christians lasted on this day, by way of opposition to thesuperstitions and debaucheries of the heathens,

JANUS, in labulous history and mythology, the first king ofItaly , who, received Saturn hospitably, when he was driven fromArcadia by Jupiter. He tempered the manners of his subjects,and taught them civility : and trom him they learned to improve thevine, to sow corn, and to make bread. After his death, he wasadored as a god. He was thought to preside over all new under-takings. Hence, in all sacrifices, tho first libations of wine andwheat were oili-red to Janus, all prayers prefaced with a short ad-dress to him ; and the first month of the year was dedicated to andnamed from him. See January. Janus was represented with twofaces, either to denote his prudence, or that he views at once thepast and approaching years ; lie had a sceptre in his right hand,and a key in his left, to signify his extensive authority, and hisinvention of locks.

JAO-PIN, a town of China , of the third rank, in the provinceof Quang-toiig, 22 miles N. E. of Tchao.

JAPAN, orJAPON, a large and powerful empire of Asia ,consisting of a great number ot islands, between the E. coast ofAsia, and tbe \v. coast of America ; .extending from 130° to 147°Lon. E. and from 30* to 41° Lat. N. Were South and NorthBritain divided by an arm of the sea, Japan might bo compared toEngland, Scotland, and Ireland , with their Mantis, peninsulas,bays, channels, &c. all under the same monarch. Japan is th eEuropean name: hut the inhabitants called the empire Niphon,from the largest island belonging to it; and the Chinese Chiphon.probably on account of its eastern situation : names signifying, jnthese languages, the Basis or Foundation of the Sim. It was firstdiscovered by the Portuguese about A. D. 1542. Most ot th eBlands which conipo.-e it are. surrounded with such high craggymountains, and such shallow and boisterous sea*, that sailing aboutthem is extremely dangerous; and the creeks and bays are choax-ed up with such rocks, shelves, and sands, that it looks as if Provedonee had designed it to be a kind of little world by itself. ThuChinese pretend to have first peopled these islands, hut it is pr°’liable that the original inhabitants were a mixture of different na-tions, driven thither by those tempestuous seas, at different times*As these islands lie in the fifth and sixth climates, they would bemuch hotter in summer than England, were not the heats refresh 6 *-by the winds which continually blow horn the sea around th en5 ’and to which they are much exposed by the height of their situ*