Persia Proper, upon the ruins, as is generally supposed, of the an-cient Hecatompylos, or, as others think, of the Aspa of Ptolemy.Lut. 32. 05 . N. Lon. 52. 50. E. It stands on a very extensiveplain, surrounded by mountains; and has eight districts belongingto it, that contain about 400 towns and villages. The fertility ofthe soil, the mildness of the climate, and the fine temperature ofthe air, all conspire to render Ispahan one of the most delightfulcities in the world.
1SP1DA, in ornithology. See Alcedo.
ISRAEL , [from mw‘, andSti, Ileb. i.c. prevailing in the Lord,]the name which the angel gave Jacob, after having wrestled withh'm all nigiit at Mahanaim or Penuel. Gen. xxxii. 1, 2, and 28,^9> 30. and liosea xii. 3.
Israel is also used for the people of Israel , or the whole de-scendants of Jacob; its well as for the kingdom of Israel , or of the' cn Tribes distinct from the kingdom of Judah .
ISRAELII ES, the descendants of Israel ; who were at firstcalled Hebrews, from Ideber, one of their ancestors, afterwardsIsraelites, from Israel the patriarch; and lastly Jews , after their re-furn from the captivity of Babylon, because the tribe of Judah wasli’en much stronger and more numerous than the other tribes.
ISSACHAR, [from natf, Ileb. i.e. he hired, or. wages,] themth son of Jacob by Leah, and the progenitor of the tribe so na-ined from him. Also, one of the divisions of Palestine by tribes;jying S. of Zabulon,so as by a narrow slip to reach the Jordan , be-twern Zabulon andMunasseh, Josh. xix.
ISSOUDUN, a considerable town of France , in the departmentIntire, and late province of Berrv.
issue, in law, has many significations, sometimes being usedfor the children begotten between a man and his wife; sometimestor profit growing from amercements or fines; and sometimes forPtotns of lands or tenements; sometimes for that point of matter'spending in a suit, wnen, in the course of pleading, the parties in. 1( -‘ case affirm a tiling on one side, and deny it on the other, theyj'c then said to beat issue; all their debates, being at last con-futed into a single point, which may be determined either in fa-° l, r of the plaintiff or defendant.
ISSUES, in surgery, are small artificial apertures or ulcers in,. le niuscular parts of tne body, for the purpose of draining super-j^'ous moisture, or of giving vent to some noxious humours.ss ues are usually made in the arms, legs, or back, either by caus-li* S ’i° r '“uision. Th -y are chiefly applied in disorders of thecad, eyes, ears, teeth, &c. wliich are thus relieved, and frequent-lis ClIret *- Inveterate complaints generally require two or more0 lles > to produce any considerable effect, namely one in each arm,i°n ; '- rrn aiK ' leg of one side oi the body.
'hi | ^US, a town of Cilicia in Natolia , now called Ajazso ; with a'ro-ns 011 ^ le Levant Sea, a little N. of Scanderoon .jyj^LHMIA, or the ISTHMIAN GAMES, one of the four'j'i e ’ Un games which were celebrated every fifth year in Greece .c J®y had the name from the Isthmus of Corinth , where they wereCo ^".fled. In their first institution, according to Pausanias , theyCe r i S ' S * :e ^ °nly of funeral-rites and ceremonies in honour oi'Meh-tio ^: hut Theseus afterwards, as Plutarch informs'us, in emula-of J ■ Hercules, who had appointed games at Olympia in honourW as u P>ter, dedicated those to Neptune, his reputed father, whoin t ' ^ e 8 ar ded as the particular protector of the Isthmus and com-a s a ^, 0 'Lorinth. The same trials of skill were exhibited heresi c a le °fher three sacred games; and particularly those of mu-' v ard‘l These games, in which the victors were only re-
tttanipr Wlt ' 1 gat'ands of pine-leaves, were celebrated with greatsple,KU, as long as paganism continued to beVn etl ' ‘3, ls .hvd religion of Greece ; nor were they omitted evenK ( -'t'eral ,' vas sacked and burnt by Mummius the Roman
c yoni a a [ ^'icb time the care of them was transferred to the Si-citv .'I wus restored again to the Corinthians when theirterebndt.
Uvo comS’ [ isthmiu > Lat] a narrow 1 neck of land which joinsUluses a ' nent , s ’ or separates two seas. The most celebrated istli-South A 1 ^’ .■ *■ I’anama or Darien, which joins North and
Jhat of r; n e - 11C u ’ I* 18 ! °fSuez, which connects Asia amt Africa ;.l artarv n 7] lll: - or Peloponnesus, in the Morea; that of Grim'"sulaRQ. ie . rw| se called Taurica Chcrsonesus; that of the pen-iSt and , Eris !°> or the isthmus of the Thracian Chcr-CIJ t trough Ul 011 S S broad, being that which Xerxes undertook to
ISTR1A, a peninsula of Italy , in Maritime Austria, and lateterritory of Venice , lying in the N. part of the Adriatic. It isbounded by Carniola on the N ; and on the S. E. and W. by thesea. The air is unwholesome, especially near the coast; but thesoil produces plenty of wdne, oil, and grass : there are also quar-ries of fine marble. Cabo d’[stria is the capital.
ITALIAN BAILIEWICS, four districts.of Italy , formerlybelonging to the Swiss, afterwards incorporated with the CisalpineRepublic in 1797, and now included in the kingdom of Italy .
Italian Language, the language spoken in Italy . This tongueis derived principally from the Latin ; and of all the languagesformed from the Latin , there is none which carries with it more vi-sible marks of its original than the Italian . It is accounted one ofthe most perfect among the modem tongues. It is complained,indeed, that it lias too many diminutives and superlatives, or ratheraugmentatives; but without any great reason; for if those wordsconvey nothing farther to the mind than the just ideas of things,they are no more faulty than our pleonasms and hyperbolcs-The language corresponds to the genius of the people, who areslow and thoughtful: accordingly, their language runs heavily,though smoothly ; and many of their words are lengthened out to agreat degree. They have a great taste for music ; and to gratifytheir passion this way, have altered many of their primitive words;.leaving out consonants, taking in vowels, softening and lengtheningout their terminations, for the sake of the cadence. Hence thelanguage is rendered extremely musical, and succeeds better than-any other in operas and some parts of poetry: but it fails in strengthand nervousness ; and a great part of its words, borrowed from theLatin , become so far disguised, that they are not easily known.The Italian is generally pretty well understood throughoutEurope ; and is frequently spoken in Germany, Poland , andHungary . '
Italian Republic , a name given by Bonaparte and the depu-ties from the Cisalpine Consulta, who met with him at Lyons,in 1 SO 1, to that part of Italy , wliich, in October, 1797, -waserected into a democratic state, under the title of the CisalpineRepublic. The following division of the Cisalpine or Italian Re-public into 12 departments, and 46 districts was published by theCisalpine Consulta, 011 the 13lh May 1801.
No, Depart..
Capitals.
Population , Distr.
1. Agogna.
Novara.
346,213
5
2. Lario.
Como.
371,894
4
3. Olona.
526,234
4
4. Serio.
294,142
4
5. Mella.
Brescia.
333,625
4
6. Upper Po.
Cremona.
361,079
4
7. Mincio.
Mantua.
290,329
4
■ 8. Crostolo.
Reggio.
179,795
2
9. Panaro.
Modena.
200,170
2
10. Lower Po.
Ferrara.
227,500
3
421,841
4
12. Rubicon.
Cesena.
304,846
6
3,857,668
46
N° Distr.
Popul. |
N° Distr.
Popui.
7. Novara.
73,042
3. Treviglio.
75,217
2. Vigevano.
93,562
4. Breuo.
40,303
3. U 01110
V.
d’Ossola.
40,S49
2. Chiari.
58,852
4. Varallo.
48,285
3. Verola of
5. Arona.
89,475
Alghist.
69,901
1. Como.
118,465
4. Salo.
59,837
2. Varese.
89,371
VI.
1. Cremona.
110,042
3. Sondrio.
88,641
4. Lecco.
75,417
2. Crema.
S6.039
217,807
3. Lodi.
,55,307
2. Pavia.
1 19,105
4. Cas-il Major
79,
3. Monza.
78,202
4. Gallarate.
111,120
VII. 1. Mantua.
83,025
2. llovero.
80,173
137,261
3. Verona. -
81,575
4, Castifilwme.
45,;j j 1
41,361
1. Reggio