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and lamps, distinct from those of the town ; and the ships are se-cured against accident by the prohibition of tires, combustible ma-terials, &c. under suitable fines. Liverpool has many publicbuildings; among which are, the Exchange or Town-hall, firstbuilt in the year 1730, but the interior of which was destroyed byfire in 179.'); since which it has been rebuilt in an elegant style,and is now appropriated to the purpose of the judicial and otheroffices for the police of the town; contiguous to this are the Ex-change Buildings, an extensive range, newly built by subscription;in the centre of which is to be erected a monument, commemora-tive of the victories and death of the gallant Nelson ; the prison,so large as to have at one time contained 2000 prisoners of vat;the Corn Exchange, Jatelv erected in Brunswick-street; the Cus-tom House, centrally situated, hut of mean appearance ; the To-bacco Warehouse, rented by government at 500/. per annum, andcapable of containing 7000 hogsheads; the Infirmary , first openedin 1740, and receiving about 1500 patients annually, besides re-lieving a great number of out-patients \ the two wings of this ele-gant structure arc used as an hospital, for the maintenance of de-cayed seamen belonging to the town ; contiguous to which is theLunatic Hospital; the Blue-coat hospital , for 230 boys and 50girls; the Poor House, a neat building ; the Recovery Ward, forpersons infected with fevers; the Alms-houses, an asylum for po-verty and old age; the Dispensary, for supplying the afflictedpoor with medicines and advice; the School for the Blind, inwhich music, the making of baskets, floor-cloth, foot-bears, &c.have been successfully taught to this unfortunate class of beings;there is also an institution for the restoring of drowned persons,and another called the Ladies’ Charily’, for the delivery and reliefof poor married women in child-bed. To these may be addedthe Theatre, in Williamson's Square, built in 1772, at the expenceof 6000/. but Jalely considerably’ enlarged; also the Panorama,Music Hall, and Freemason’s Ilail, in Bold-street. The coffee-houses and news-rooms are numerous, among which the Athe-naumi, Union, and especially the Lyceum, deservedly rankamong the first public buildings of the town. Liverpool has twelvechurches, namely, St. Nicholas , or the Old Church, St. Peter’s,St. George’s, St Thomas’s, St. Paul’s, St. Anne’s, St. John’s, Tri-nity, St. James’s, Christ Church, St. Mark’s, and All Saints;‘•rinui of which arc neat, and others elegant; besides four chapelsbelonging to the establishment, and one Scotcli Church or Kirk.The chapels belonging to different denominations of dissenters arenumerous; of these are reckoned three Independent Chapels;two Presbyterian, or more properly Socinian ; one Sandemanian ;four Baptist; five Methodist; one Quaker ’s Meeting-house; withthree Roman Catholic Chapels, and one Jewish Synagogue. Li-verpool is situated on the eastern hank of the river Mersey, (whichis' defended by a fort and several batteries,) and is eighteen milesAY. of Warrington, and 204 N. W. of London . Lon. 2. 30. AV.Lat. 53. 22. N. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday.

LIVERWORT , in botany. See Liciif.n.

LIVERY, in dress and equipage, a certain colour and form ofdress, by which noblemen and gentlemen distinguish their servants.Liveries are usually taken from fancy, and continued in familiesby succession. The ancient cavaliers, at their tournaments, dis-tinguished themselves by wearing the liveries of their mistresses:thus people of quality make their domestics wear their livery.The Romish church has also her several colours and liveries;white, for confessors and virgins, and in times of rejoicing; black,fertile dead; red, for the apostles and martyrs; blue or violet,for penitents; and green, in times of hope.

Livery of Seisin, in law, signifies delivering the possession oflands, &c. to him who has a right to them. There are two kindsof livery and seisin ; livery in law, where the feoffer being in viewof the land, house, or other thing granted, says to the feoffee, ondelivery of the deed, “ I give to you yonder land, &c. to hold toyou and to your heirs, so go into the same, and take possessionaccordingly.” And livery in deed, is where the parties, or theattornies by them authorized, coming to the door ot the house, orupon some part of the land, declare the occasion ot their meetingbefore witnesses, read the deed, or its contents, and in case it bemade by attorney, the letter of attorney is also read, after which,if the delivery'!- of a house, the grantor, or his attorney, takes theling, key, or latch, belonging to the door, or if it he a land, a turf,or c(od of earth, and a twig of one of the trees, and delivering

them with the deed to the grantee or his attorney, says, “ I A, 1>,do hereby deliver to you possession and seisin of this messuage ortenement, &e. to hold to you, your heirs and assigns, according tothe purport, true intent, and meaning of this indenture, or deed offeoffment.” After which the grantee enters first a Tone, and shut-ting the door, and then opening it, lets in others. Since the mak-ing the statute of use-, livery ami seisin arc not so much used as(ormeriy; for a lease and release, a bargain and sale by deed in-rolled, are sufficient to vest the grantee with possession, withoutthe formality of livery.

LIVERYMEN, ok London , are a number of men chosenfrom among the freemen of eaeli company. Out of this body thecommon council, sheriff, and other superior officers for the go-vernment of the city are elected, and they alone have the privi-lege of giving their voles for members of parliament; from which(lie rc.-tof tim citizen- arc excluded.

L1A lUb, Tries, the best of the Roman historians, was born atPatavium, or Padua . Few particulars of his life have been hand-ed down to us. Coming to Rome , he acquired the notice and fa-vour of Augustus , and long resided there. He had previously-written dialogues, historical and philosophical, and some books onphilosophy. It i< probable, that lie began bis history as soon U3iie was settled at Rome ; and be seems to have devoted himself soentirely to that great work, as to he perfectly regardless of his ad-vancement. The distractions of Rome frequently obliged him toretire to Naples. 'Ileused to read parts of his history, while hewas composing it, to Maecenas and Augustus ; and the latter con-ceived so high an opinion of him, that he appointed him to super-intend the education of his grandson Claudius , afterwards emperor.Afti r the death of Augustus, Livy returned to the place of hisbirth, where he was received with all imaginable honour and re-spect; and where he died, in the fouith year of Tiberius ’s reign,aged above seventy. Some say, lie died on the same day withOvid ; it is certain he died the same year. Scarcely any man wasever more honoured, in life or after his death, than this historian.Pliny relates, that a gentleman travelled from Cades, in Spain ,merely to see Livv. A monument was erected to Livy in thetemple of Juno, where was afterwards founded the monastery ofSt. Justina; and w here, in 1413, was discovered the following epi-taph; Ossa Titi Livii Patavina, &c. i. <:. “The bones of TitusLivius of Patavium, a man worthy to be approved by all mankind,by whose almost ins ineible pen, (lieacts and exploits of the invin-cible Romans were written.” These bones are still preservedwith high veneration, by the Paduans. The history of Livy is• transmitted down to us exceedingly mutilated and imperfect. Itsbooks were originally 142, of which only 35 are extant. Theepitomes of it, from which we learn their number, all remain, ex-cept those of the 136th and 137th books. The encomiums be-stowed upon Livy , bv both ancients and moderns, are great andmtmerou-. But his probity, candour, and impartiality, have dis-tinguished him as a faithful historian; however, he has not escapedcensure as a writer. IIis contemporary, Asinius Pollio , cha'gedhim with Patavinity ; which word has been variously explained,but is generally supposed to relate to his style. Livy has beencensured too, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous,and loading bis history with superstitious tales. But though hementions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that anc*x spoke, or a woman changed hersex; yet he. candidly confesses,that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon theminds of a credulous age. Livy ’s history has been often publish-ed with and without the supplement. The best editions are, thatof Gronovius, cum not is variorum et suis, Lugd. Bat. 1679, 3vols. Svo.; that of Le Clcrc, at Amsterdam , 1709, 10 vols.12mo.; ami that of Crevier, at Paris, 1735, IS vols. 4to. A frag-ment of Livy ’s history, lately discovered, was published in 1773by Dr. Bruns.

Livius, Andkonicus, a comic poet, who flourished at Rome about B. C. 240. Though the character of a player u as reckoneddespicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dra-matical compositions, and engaged the attention of his audienc.e>by repeating what he bad laboured after the manner of the Greeks,lie was the freed man of M. Livius Saliuator, whose children heeducated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero .

LIA'ONIA, a large province or duchy of the Russian empire;bounded on the N. by the Gulph of Finland, W. Lv that ot Riga »

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