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tion aurl addresses to heaven they must be elevated, but neverraised above the eyes ; and in speaking: of things below us, theyare directed downwards. Side motion should generally beginfrom the lelt, and terminate gently on the right. In demonstrat-ing, addressing, and on several other occasions they are movedforward; and in threatening sometimes thrown back. Rut whenthe orator speaks of himself, his right hand should be gentlylaid on his breast. When no other motion is necessary, the handsshould be kept about as high as the breast, so as to make near aright angle with the arm. This is not only graceful, but likewisethe most easy posture, and gives the least strain to the muscles.They should never be suffered to hang down, nor to loll upon thecushion or bar. The left hand should never move alone, but ac-

1 commodate itself to the motions of the right. In motions to theleftside, the right hand should not be carried beyond the leftshoulder. In promises, and expressions of compliment, the mo-tions of the hands should be gentle and slow ; but in exhortations| and applause move swift. The hands should generally be open ;j but m expressions of compunction and anger they may be closed.

! All finical and trifling actions of the fingers ought to be avoided ;j nor should they be stretched out and expanded in a stiff and rigidposture, but kept easy and pliable. Besides attending to the ruleshere delivered, he, who would attain to celebrity in public speak-ing, must carefully observe liovv those, who have acquired fame asfinished orators, conduct their voice and gesture, as well as howthey manage the several parts of their discourses.

ORATORY, among the Romanists, a closet or like apartmentnear a bed-chamber, furnished with an altar, crucifix, &e. for pri-vate devotions.

ORR, in tactics, is the disposing of a number of soldiers in acircular form of defence.

ORRE, a town of Swisserland, 24 miles S. W. of Friburg .

ORBIT, in astronomy, is the path of a planet or comet, or thecurve that it describes in its revolulion rouml its central body ;thus, the earth’s orbit is the curve which it describes in its annualcourse round the sun, and usually called the ecliptic. SeeAstronomy.

ORBITEI.LO, a strong town of Etruria , in the Siennese, 58miles S. bv W. of Sienna, and 85 S. of Florence.

ORCHARD , in horticulture, a tract of land appropriated tothe growth of standard fruit-trees, with a view to furnish a supplyof the most useful kinds of fruit. In the orchard may be plantedas standards, all sorts of apple-trees, most sorls of pears and plums,and all sorts of cherries ; which four species are the capitalorchard fruits ; each comprising numerous valuable varieties. Buta complete orchard should also have quinces, meddlars, mulber-ries, walnuts and chcvmits ; which two last are particularly applica-ble for the boundaries of orchards, to screen the other frees fromimpetous winds and cold (.'lasts. Orchards are sometimes con-fined to Die cultivation of apples, pears, cherries, or other particu-lar fruit, especially if they be situated in the vicinity of a town orcity : more frequently, however, they are composed of all (hetrees before mentioned, with a double proportion of those bearingapples: which doubtless are the most plentiful and valuable fruit,that mav be easily preserved during the whole year. The utilityof a general orchard, both for domestic use and the sale of its pro-ductions,is evident to the most superficial observer, independentlyof the beautiful appearance it presents, from an early period in thesoring to the late autumn: we shall therefore state a few hints,from practical writers, and actual experience, on the proper ma-nagement of this most important department of (economy.

I. Extent, Situation, and Soil . The extent of an orchard shouldbe proportioned to that of arable land, and the quantity of fruitrequired cither for private use, or the supply of public "markets ;so that the plantation may consist of from half an acre to 20 acres.The situation and aspect may vary according to circumstances,provided the soil be good. All low, damp, exposures, howeverought to he purposely avoided, as no fruit-trees will flourish there ;nor can their productions be line or well flavoured. A moder-ately low situation, therefore, is preferable to elevated lands, pro-vided it be dry ; because it will thus be sheltered front the effectsof tempestuous winds; though a small declivity will be very de-sirable, e pecially if its aspect incline towards the East, South-east,or to the South ; which situations are always more eligible.thnn awestern exposure. But a northern aspect ought by no means tobe selected, unless it lie well sheltered, or the ground be peculi-arly favourable to the formation of an orchard. W ith respect to thesod, any common field, or pasture, which produces abundant cropsof corn, grass, or culinary vegetables, may be chosen for layingout an orchard, if it lie of a rich loamy nature, it w ill be of greatadvantage; though any soil of a good quality, may be preparedfor the purpose; but it must be neither too wet or heavy ; nor too

| light or dry; it should be soft, easily worked, and have at least■ one spade deep of vegetable mould.

j III. Preparation of the Land. This primary object of hor-j ticulture, is usually effected by trenching, if the plantation be in-j tended for private use. In the preparation of very extensive| orchards, it will he advisable to plough the soil to a considerabledepth ; but the most eligible method is, to dig trenches, one or; two spades deep, according to the nature of the ground, and six orj eight feet wide in each row, where the trees are in future to liej placed ; especially if it be grass-land, and intended to be kept inthe sward; in which case the green-sods must be laid at the bot-tom of each trench ; because, when putrefied, they will afford anexcellent manure. Should hops, or any other under-crop, be de-signed to be raised, it will be requisite to trench the whole of tireground ; but, in cither case, the spade must be carried to thedepth of the natural soil. The land, thus managed, ought likewiseto be secured from the incursions of cattle, by means of a goodditch, and a well-planted hedge; which should be trained to-wards the north, as high and as thick as it can be carried. Theplantation ought, also, to be screened on the east and west sidesfrom the effects of boisterous winds, by means of shaws or sheltersof Spanish chesnut, Scotcli firs, ash, or other quick-growing trees.Mature is likewise an object of the greatest importance: and, forthis purpose, the sweepings of streets, those of cow and slaughter-houses, the emptying of drains and night-soil, are, in opinion ofMr. Buekiiall, eminently serviceable; as they “ are more dis-posed to facilitate the growth and health of fruit-trees, than themanure from the stable.”

j III. Method of Planting. The best season r for planting fruit-treesi is in autumn, shortly after the leaves begin to fal,; from the lat-! ter end of October till the commencement of December; though,

[ if the weather continue open, or mild, it may be performed at a'iiyf time between the months of October and March. As many treesbecome diseased with the moss, canker, &c. in consequence of anI injudicious selection, Mr. B. directs them to he chosen the year{ before they are intended to be planted. The orchadist, he ob-| serves, must be particularly careful to obtain young and healthyI trees ; for cankered plants emit a vapour which is very detrimentalto such as are sound ; he must, likewise, see them properly prunedin the nursery, so that all extraneous or rambling branches beclosely taken off, and only three or lour leading shoots he left toevery head : thus managed, the trees will not require to be lop-ped for a considerable time; and, as they will have no woundsopen in the year when transplanted, their growth will be greatlypromoted. On taking up the fruit-trees, the roots should be pre-served of a convenient length, in consequence of which they willincline to grow in a horizontal direction, and he more immediatelyinfluenced by the sun: their sap will become richer, and producethe sweetest and most beautiful fruit. In arranging the trees, Mr.Bucknall directs one row of the tallest and strongest standards tohe set on the three cold sides; parallel to which, mNSt be plantedanother row of the next tree-growers: then, the trees are to he dis-posed in a similar manner, according to their strength, graduallydeclining in size, to the centre. Each standard is to be placed3.3 feet asunder, between which two dwarf-trees should be planted ;i all of them being so pruned, that each row will, at the expiration