P E N

P fc N 251

seas, and resembling a planlane-leaf, by its angular recessesor bays.

PE LOPS, in fabulous history, the son of Tantalus , king ofPhrygia . In his infancy he was murdered by his father, cut inpieces, and served up at a feast to the gods, to try their divine om-niscience. Nvneot them, however, eat of him, but Ceres, whoeat one of his shoulders. Jupiter restored him to life, and gavehim an ivory-shoulder, which had the miraculous power of healingall.diseases bv its touch ; and lie punished the impiety of Tantalus by condemning him to eternal hunger and thir.-t, in the view of ex-cellent food and drink in hell. Pelops afterwards went into Elis,and married Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus, king ofPisa, by whom he had Atreus, Thvestes, Pittheus, Troezen , &c.lie afterwards became so powerful that all the territory of Greece beyond the isthmus of Corinth w as from him named Peloponnesus .After his death he received divine honours,.and was revered aboveall the other heroes of Greece , lie had a temple at Olympia,erected by Hercules, near that of Jupiter.

PELORIAS, PE LOP! S, or PELOKUS, in ancient geogra-phy, one of the three capes of Sicily , now called Earo. It is saidto have been so named from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship, whichcarried Hannibal out of Italy , whom that general, when he foundthe tide driving the vessel into the straits of Charybdes, killed, onthe supposition that he was going to betray him to the Romans;and, therelore, to gratify his manes, he named the cape after him.

PELOSO, a town of Naples, 35 miles W. of Bari. Lon. 1C.20. K- Lat. 41. 26. N.

PEL'I'A, a small, light, manageable, buckler, used by the an-cients. It was worn by the Amazons , it is said to have resem-bled an ivy-leaf in form ; by others it is compared to the leaf of anIndian fig-tree; and by Servius to flic moon in her first quarter.

Pelta, in botany, a term by which the flower or flat fructifi-cation of the genus lichen or liver-wort is characterized, which, inmost of its species, is glued to the edges of the leaves.

PELTAR1 A, in botany, a genus of the siliculosn order, and te-tradynamia class of plants; natural order, Siliquosa. Silicle en-tire,’ suborbiculate, compressed, flat, not opening. It has twospecies.

PELVIS. [Lat.j the lower part of the belly. See Anatomy.

PELUSHJM, in ancient geography, a noble and strong city ofEgypt , without tiie Delta, twenty stadia from the sea; situatedamidst marshes; and hence its name and its strength. It is calledthe kev or inlet of Egypt by Diodorus and Hirtius .

PEMBA, or PEN DA, an island in the East Indian Sea, nearthe coast of Africa ; 100 miles in circumference. Lon. 40. 0. E.Lat. 3. 55. S.

Pemba, a province of Africa, in Congo . Banza, or St. Salva-dor, is the capital.

Pemba, a town of the above province ; in Lon. IS. 25. E. Lat.7. 30. S.

PEMBHIDGE, a town of Herefordshire , on the Arrow; 12miles N. W. of Hereford. Lon. 2. 42. W. Lat. 52. 14. N.

PEMBROKE, a city of South Wales, capital of Pembroke-shire. It is situated upon a creek of Milford-Havcn, 10 milesS. E. of Haverford-west. Lon. 5. 3. W. Lat. 51. 37. N.

PEMBROKESHIRE, a county of Wales , bounded on all sidesby the Irish sea, except on the E. where it joins to Cacrmarthen-shire, and on the N. E. to Cardiganshire . It lies the nearest toIreland of any county in Wales ; and extends in length from N.to S. 35 miles’^ and from E. to V. 29. It is about 140 in circum-ference. Amongst the birds common here are migratory sea-birds,that bleed in the Isle of Ramsey, and the adjoining rocks calledThe Bishop and his Clerks.

PEN , a little instrument usually formed of a quill; serving towrite withal. Pens are also sometimes made of silver, brass, oriron.

Pens, Dutch , are made of quills that have passed through hotashes, to take otf the grosser fat and moisture, and render themmore transparent.

Pen, Fountain, is a pen made of silver, brass, &c. contrivedto contain a considerable quantity of ink, and let it flow out bygentle degrees, so as to supply the writer a long time withoutbeing under the necessity ot taking fresh ink. The fountain-penis composed of several pieces, as in Plate CXXXIV. fig. 5, wheretile middle piece F carries the pen, which is screwed into the inside

I of a little pipe, which again is soldered to another pipe of the samebigness as the lid G ; in which lid is soldered a male screw, forscrewing on the cover, as also for stopping a little hole at the placeand hindering the ink from passing through it. At the other endof the piece F is a little pipe, on the outside of which the top-cover II may be screwed. In the cover there goes a port-crayon,which is to tie screwed into the last-mentioned pipe, in order tostop the end of the pipe, into which the ink is to be pouted by afunnel. To use the pen, the cover G must be taken off, and thepen a little shaken, to make the ink run more freely.

Pen, Geometric , an instrument in which, by a circular mo-tion, a right line, a circle, an ellipse, and other mathematicalfigures, may be described. It was first invented and explained byJohn Baptist Suardi, in a work intituled “ Nomo Istromenti perla Descrizzione di diverse Curve Antichi e Moderne,” &c. Se-veral writers hail observed the curves arising from the compoundmotion of two circles, one moving round the others ; but Suardiiirst realized the principle, and fiiM reduced it to practice. It liasbeen lately introduced with success into the steam-engine by Wattand Bolton. The number of curves this instrument can describe istruly amazing ; the autliorenumeratcs not less than 1273, which,hesays, am be described by it in the simple form. It is thus describedin Adam’s Geometrical and Graphical Essays, Plate CXXXIV.fig. 1, represents the geometric pen; A, B, C, the stand by whichit is supported ; the legs, A, B, C, are contrived to fold one withinthe other for the convenience of packing. A strong axis D isfitted to the top of the frame ; to the lower part of this axis any ofthe wheels (as i) may be adapted ; when screwed to it they areimmoveable. EG is an arm contrived to turn round upon themain axis D ; two sliding boxes are fitted to this arm ; to theseboxes any of the wheels belonging to the geometric pen may befixed, and then slid so that the wheels may take 'nto each other, and(he immoveable wheel i : it is evident, that by making the armEG revolve lound the axis D, these wheels will be made to re-volve also, and that the number of their revolutions will dependon the proportion between the teeth, fg is an arm carrying tile-pencil ; this arm slides backwards and forwards in the box cd, inorder that the distance of the pencil from the centre of tile wheelh may be easily varied ; the box cd is fitted to the axis of thewheel h, and turns round with it, carrying the arm fg along withit: it is evident, therefore, that the revolutions will be fewer orgreater in proportion to the difference between the numbers ofthe teeth in the wheels h and i\ this bar and socket are easily re-moved for changing the wheels. When two wheels only areused, the bar jig moves in the same direction with the bar EG ; but 1if another wheel is introduced between them, they move in con-trary directions. The number of teeth in the wheels, and conse-quently the relative velocity of the epicycle or arm J'g, may lievaried in infinitum. The numbers we have used are 8, 16, 24,32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96. The construction and appli-cation of this instrument is so evident from the figure, that nothingmore need be pointed out than the combinations by which vari-ous figures may be produced. We shall take two as examples:the radius of EG, fig. 2, must be to that o(fg, as 10 to 5 nearly ; theirvelocities, or the number of teeth in the wheels, to be equal ; themotion to be in the same direction. If the length of J'g be varied,,tiie looped figure delineated at fig. 3, will be produced. A circlemay be described by equal wheels, anil any radius but the barsmust move in contrary directions. To describe by this circularmotion a straight line and an ellipsis: For a straight line, equalradii, the velocity is 1 to 2, the motion in a contrary direction.;,the same data will give a variety of ellipses, only the radii mustbe unequal; the ellipses may be described in any direction/’See fig, 4.

PEN/EA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, belong-ing to the tetrandria class of plants; and in the natural methodranking with those of which the order is doubtful. The calyx is-diphyllous; the corolla is campanulated; the style quadrangular ;the capsule tetragonal, quadrilocular, and octospermous.

PENA GARCIA, a town of Portugal , in Beira, 6 miles E. ofIdanlia Velha. Lon. 6. 6. W. Lat. 39. 40. N.

PENALVA, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 9 miles N. of Co-imbra . Lon. 8. 17. W. Lat. 40. 4. N.

PENANCE, a punishment, either voluntary or imposed byauthority, for tiie faults a person has committed. Penance is one6 o £