S A I
5 1 5
s \ r
SAIB, a tii'leamoiig the princes in tin East Indie:;, synonymouswith Sultan .
SAID, in geography, a town of Upper Egypt , seated on theNile , 150 miles S. of Cairn. It is supposed to be the anciicntThebes . Lon. 3L20. I’l. Lat. 27. 32. N.
SA( L, in navigation, an assemblage of several breadths of can-vas sewed together by the lists, and edged round with cord,fastened to the yards of a ship, to make it drive before the wind.See Ship.
Sail is also a name applied to any vessel beheld at a distanceunder sail.
Sails, Terms used respecting : 1. To make sail, is to spreadan additional quantity of sail, so as to increase the ship's velocity.2. To set sai 1 , is to unfurl and expand the sails upon their respec-tive yards and stays, in order to begin the. action of sailing. 3.To rhoiten sail, is to reduce or take in part of the sails, with anintention to diminish the ship’s velocity. 4. To strike sail, is tolower it suddenly. This is particularly used in saluting or doinghomage to a superior force, or to one whom the law of nations ac-knowledges as superior in certain regions. Thus all foreign ves-sels strike to a British man-of-war in the British seas.
SAILING, the movement hy which a vessel is wafted alongthe surface of (he water, by the. action of the. w ind upon her sails.When a ship changes her state of rest into that of motion, as inadvancing out of a harbour, or from her station at anchor, she ac-quires her motion very gradually, as a body which arrives not at acertain velocity till after a frequent repetition of the action of itsweight. Tite first impression of tlie wind greatly affects the ve-locity, because the resistance of the water might destroy it;since the velocity being but small at first, ttse resistance of thewater which depends on it will be very feeble : but as the ship in-creases her motion, (he force of the wind on the sails will be di-minished ; whereas, on the contrary, the resistance cf the water onthe bow will accumulate in proportion to the velocity with whichthe vessel advances. Thus the repetition of the degrees of force,which the action of the sails adds to the motion of the ship, is per-petually decreasing; whilst, on the contrary, the new degreesadded'to the eftort of resistance on the bow are always augment-ing. r l he velocity is then accelerated in proportion as tite quan-tity added, is greater than that which is subtracted; but when thetwo powers become equal ; when the impression of the wind onthe sails lias lost so much ot its force, as only to act in proportionto the opposite impulse of resistance on the Itrtw, the ship willthen acquire no additional velocity, but continue to nail with aconstant uniform motion.
Sailing also implies a particular mode of navigation, formed onthe principles, and regulated by the laws,, of trigonometry. Hencethe distinctions into plane, parallel, middle-latitude, mercator ’s,°hl;que, anti great circle sailing. See Navigation.
I5AI LEANT, in heraldry. See Valiant,
SA1LO US , the elder seamen, who are employed in working ormanaging the sails, the tackle, steering, &c.t SAINT, is generally applied by us to the apostles, and other■i°|y persons mentioned in scripture. But the Romanists make|*- s application much more extensive. It would seem that in the* J r.d-agos every'bishop in his own diocese was wont to declareo , persons were to be honoured as saints by his people. Hence
'•• Cyprian, about the middle of the third century, B. 3, ep. 6, re-M'uves that lie be informed of those who should die in prison for,. le Dith, that so he might make mention of them in the hol y sacri-uce with thb martyrs, ami might honour them afterwards on the an-niversary-day of their happy death. It was thus that St. Laurence,^ t. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Basil, and many other-, appearlave been canonized by custom and universal persuasion. Inages none were reckoned saints hut the apostles, the mar-e/!’ aiK ' vei . v ei "inent confessors, whose sanctity was notoriousv erywhere. Afterwards canonizations were performed in pro-th' IC th s -* ! 10l ' s under the direction of the metropolitan. It wastin' 81 i k'dove of Seville was canonized in the seventh een-death ei §* u '' council of Toledo, fourteen years after his
aktholomew, one of the Virgin islands belonging to' Urrif'iml It formerly to Sweden . It is about 32 miles square, and
coast of Brazil , which was visited by La Perouse. Its breadthfrom E. to W. is' only two leagues. La Perousefound this blandto lie between 27° 19' JO' and 27° 49' Lat. N.andils most northerlypoint to be in 49° 49' Lon. W, of Paris .
St. Hermogenes, an island in the North Pacific Ocean . Lon,152. 0. W. Lat. 58/20. N.
! St. Hubert, a town of France , in the department of thej Forets, and late duchy of Luxemburg ; 25 miles N. W. ofArlon,j, and 40 of Luxemburg .
j St.John, Henry, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke , an emi-| cent statesman and philosopher, descended from an ancient and! noble family, was born about the year 1672. He had a liberaleducation ; and when he left the university, was considered as 3person of uncommon qualifications : but with great parts, he hadgreat passions, and these hurried him into many indiscretions.Contrary to the inclinations of his family, he cultivated Tory con-nections ; and gained such influence in the House of Commons ,that in 1704 lie was appointed secretary of war and of the marines.He was closely united in all political measures with Mr. Ifarlev:when, therefore, that gentleman was removed from the seals in1707, Mr. St. John resigned ; and in 1710, when Mr. Hariey wasmade chancellor of the exchequer, lie was made secretary of state,in 1712 he was created Baron St. John of Lediard-Tregoze inWiltshire, and Viscount Bolingbroke . But being overlooked, inthe bestowal of vacant ribbons of the order of the garter, he re-nounced the friendship of Harley then earl of Oxford, and madehis court to the Whig,. Nevertheless, on the accession of George1 . the seals were taken from him ; and hearing that he was to beput sued to the scaffold, for his conduct m regard to the treaty ofUtrecht, he withdrew to France . Here he accepted an invitationto enter into the Pretender’s service, and accepted the seals as se-cretary : but the year 1715 was scarcely expired, when, though lie 'was attainted of high treason at home, the seals and papers of hisoffice were taken Irom him ; the Pretender and his party accusinghim of neglect, incapacity, and tieacherv. Such a complicationof disappointments threw him into a state of reflection, that pro-duced a consoiatio philosophies, which lie wrote under the title of“ Reflections upon Exile and in 1716, drew up a vindication ofhis conduct, in tlie form of “ A Letter to Sir William Wy'inUiam.”His'first lady being dead, he espoused a niece of Mariam Main-tenon, and widow of the Marquis de Villette , with whom he hada very large fortune. In 1723 the king being prevailed 011 to granthim a free pardon, he returned to England ; but was by no meanssatisfied to remain a mere titular lord, excluded from the house ofpeers. Tiiis stigma confirmed liis enmity to Sir Robert Walpole ,to \i I 10111 he attributed his not receiving the full extent of the king’sclemency ; hence he distinguished himself by a multitude of poli-tical writings, till 1735 ; when finding the door finally shut againsthim, lie returned to France . In this retreat he began his course of
Letters on the Study and Use of History,” for the use of LordCombury, to whom they are addressed. Upon the death of hislather, who lived to be very old, he settled at Battersea, the an-cient seat of his family, where tie passed the remainder of his lifein philosophical dignity. Pope and Swift perfectly adored him ;and the former received from him the materials for his “ Essay onMan.”—He died in 1751, and left bis MSS, to Mr. Mallet, wh<>published them with his former printed works, in 5 vols. 4to : theyare also printed in 8 vn.
Sr. John, one of the Virgin Islands, belonging to Denmark .
St. Mi rona, an island in the North Pacific Ocean .
St. Remo , a (own with a good harbour on the coast of the Me-diterranean, 6 miles E. N. E. of Ventimiglia.
SAINTES, an ancient and considerable city of France , in thedepartment of Lower Charente, and kite capital of the provinceof Suintonge, 37 miles S. E. of Rochelle. L 011 . 0 . 34. W. Lat;45. 45. N.
Saintes, three of the Leeward Caribbee Islands, 9 miles frontGuadaloupe .
SAINTFOIN, in botany, a species of hedysarum. See IIe-
DYSARUM.
SAINTONGE, a late province of France , which was houndedon the E. by Angoumois and Perigord , on the N. by Poitou, andthe territory of Aunis; on the W. by the ocean"; and on theS. by Bourdeiois and Giron; about 62 miles in length, and 30 inbreadth.
SAKRADA-