fcr two years gained a perfect knowledge of that language. Afterwhich he applied to the Hebrew , which he learned hy himself withgreat facility. He made no less progress in the sciences; and hiswritings procured him the reputation .of one of the greatest men ofthat or any other age. He embraced the reformed religion at 22years of age. In 1563, he attached himself to Lewis Casteignierde la Roch Pozay, whom he attended in several journeys ; and in1593, was offered and accepted of the place of honorary professorof the university of Leyden. He died of a dropsy in that city in1609. He was a man of great temperance ; was never married ;and was so close a student, that he often spent whole days in hisstudy without eating; and though his circumstances were alwaysvery narrow, he constantly refused the presents that were offeredhim. He published many works, the principal of which are, 1.Notes on Seneca’s Tragedies, on Varro, Ausonius, PompeiusFestus , &c. 2. Latin Poems. 3. A Treatise de Emendatione

Temporum, 4. Eusebius ’s Chronicle with Notes. 5. CanonesIsagogici; and many other works. The collections intituledScaligeriana, were collected from his conversations by one of bisfriends; and being ranged into alphabetical order were publishedby Isaac Vossius .

SCALLOP, in ichthyology. See Pecten. In the High-lands of Scotland , the great scallop-shell is made use of for theskimming of milk. In old times, it had a more honourable place;being admitted into the halls of heroes, and was the cup of theirfestivity when the tribe assembled in the hall of their chief-tain.

SCALPEL, [ scalpellum , Lat.] a kind of knife used in anato-mical dissections and operations in surgery.

SCALPER, or SCALPING IRON, a surgeon’s instrument used for scraping foul carious bones.

SCALPING, in military history, a barbarous custom , in prac-tice among the American Indian warriors, of taking off the tops ofthe scalps of their enemies’ skulls with their hair on. They pre-serve them as trophies of their victories, and are rewarded by theirchiefs according to the number of scalps they bring in.

SCALPRA DENTALIA, instruments used by the surgeonsto take oft’ those black, livid, or yellow crusts which infect theteeth, and not only loosen and destroy them, but taint thebreath.

SCAMACHIE, a city of Persia , capital of the province ofSchirvan ; 360 miles S. of Astracan , and 4S0 N. E. of Diar-bek.

SCAMANDER, or SCAMANDROS, a celebrated river ofTroas , rising at Mount Ida, and running into the sea, below Si-gseum. Homer says it was called Xanthus by the gods. TheSimois runs into it.

Scamander, in fabulous history, the son of Corybas and De-wodice, who brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia , and set-tled at the foot of Mount Ida, where he established the festivals ofCybele .

. .SCAMMONY, in the Materia Medica, a concreted vegetablejaice of a plant of the same name, partly of the resin and partly oftoe gum-kind, of which there are two sorts, distinguished by the"anies of the places from whence they are brought. The Alepposcammony is of a spongy texture, light and friable; it is of ala 'nt disagreeable smell, 'and its taste is bitterish, very nauseous,®"d acrimonious. The Smyrna scammony is considerably hard""d heavy, of a black colour, and of a much stronger smell andla ste than the former ; otherwise it much resembles it.

SCAMOZZI, Vincent, a celebrated Italian architect and"r'r 1 ’ k° ln at Vicenza , in 1552. He travelled through most parts?. Europe, and was much employed in the chief cities of Italy .

>, . wrote a celebrated work, intituled Idea della Architecturaniversale: 2 vols. fol. Venice, 1615. He died at Venice inaged 64.

sd i ANDALUM MAGNATUM, in law, is a defamatorya " e ,i or writing, to the injury of a person of dignity ; for whichwrit that bears this name is granted for the recovery of da-mages. ° J

SCANDINAVIA, a general name for the countries of Norway ,p r j < j® n ’ Denmark, anciently under the dominion of oneex 1 * :e : 1 ' le inhabitants of these countries, in former times, were

ldied S ?l Vt ^ to war. From their earliest years they ap-

- themselves to the military art, and accustomed themselves toVOL, lv- N0 . 193.

cold, fatigue, and hunger. Even the very sports of youth andchildhood were dangerous.

SCANDIX, Shepherd’s Needle, or Venus Comb; inbotany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants ;natural order, Unibellatse. Florets of the disc most commonlymale ; corolla radiate ; petals emarginate ; fruit awl-shaped.There are eleven species. The most remarkable is S. odoratawith angularly furrowed seeds, a native of Germany .

SCANI. See Schonen.

SCANNING, in poetry, the measuring of verse by feet, in or-der to see whether or not the quantities he duly observed. Theterm is chiefly used in Greek and Latin verses. Thus an hex-ameter verse is scanned by resolving it into six feet: a pentame-ter, by resolving it into five feet, &c.

SCANTLING is a measure, size, or standard, by which the di-mensions, &c. of things are to be determined. The term is par-ticularly applied to the dimensions of any piece of timber, with re-gard to its breadth and thickness.

SCANTO, or SPAVENTO, a sudden impression of horrorupon the mind and body. It is extremely dreaded by the inha-bitants of Sicily ; and the wild ideas of the vulgar part of the in-habitants respecting it are almost incredible, and their dread of asudden shock is no less surprising. There is scarcely a symptom,disorder, or accident, they do not think may befal the humanframe in consequence of the scanto.

SCAPEMENT, a general term for the manner of communi-cating the impulse of the w heel, to the pendulum of a clock.Common scapements consist of the swing-wheel and pallets only,j See Clock-work.

SCAPOL1TE, a mineral found at Arendal, in Norway . It isof a pearl-colour, and is crystallized in long, four-sided,, rectangu-lar prisms. Faces longitudinally streaked. Its specific gravity is3.68, and it is hard enough to scratch glass. Fracture foliated" 7 intwo directions. Before the blowpipe, it froths and melts into whiteenamel. It is composed of 48 silica, 30 alumina, 14 lime, 1 oxideof iron, and 2 water.

SCAPULA, John, the reputed author of a Greek lexicon,studied at Lausanne . His name is recorded in the annals of litera-ture, neither on account of his talents nor learning, nor virtu-ous industry, but for a gross act of fraud which lie committedagainst an eminent literary character of the 16th century. Beingemployed by Henry Stephens as a corrector to his press, while hewas publishing his Thesaurus Lingua Graca, Scapula extractedthose words and explications which he reckoned most useful,comprised them in one volume, and published them as an originalwork, with his own name. The compilation and printing of theThesaurus had cost Stephens immense labour and expence; hut itwas so much admired by those learned men to whom lie had shewnit, and seemed to he of such essential importance to the acquisitionof the Greek language, that he reasonably hoped his labour wouldbe crowned with honour, and the money he had expended wouldhe repaid hy a rapid and extensive sale. But before his workcame abroad, Scapula ’s abridgement appeared ; which, from itssize and price, was quickly purchased, while the Thesaurus itselflay neglected in the author’s hands. The consequence was, abankruptcy on the part of Stephens, while he who had occasioned itwas enjoying the fruits of his treachery. Scapula ’s Lexicon wasfirst printed in J570, in 4to. It was afterwards enlarged and pub-lished iu folio. It has gone through several editions, while thevaluable work of S'cphens has only once been reprinted. Its successis, however, not owing to itssuperior merit, hut to its price and morecommodious size. Stephens charges the author with omitting manyimportant articles. He accuses him of misunderstanding and per-verting his meaning ; and of tracing out absurd and trifling ety-mologies, which he himself had been careful to avoid. He com,posed the following epigram on Scapula :

Quidam raiTijayicv me capulo tenus abdidit enseniAiger eram a Scapulis, sanus et hue redeo:

Doctor Busby, so much celebrated for his knowledge of the Greeklanguage, and his success in teaching it, would never permit hisscho'ars at Westminster school to make use of Scapula . The bestedition in that of Elzwin London and Amsterdam 1652. A goodcopy sells for from 10 to 15 guineas. b

Scatula, in anatomy. See Anatomy.

SCAPULAR , the name of two pair ofarteries, and as many veins,a 6 ^ Scatular,