SOU 612 SOU
§ound-Board, the principal part of an organ. This sound-board, or summer, is a reservoir into which the wind, drawn in bythe bellows, is conducted by a port-vent, and thence distributedinto the pipes placed over the holes of its upper part.
Sound-Board , denotes also a thin broad board placed over thehead of a public speaker, to enlarge and extend or strengthen hisvoice. Sound-boards, in theatres, are found by experience to beof no service ; their distance from the speaker being too great tobe impressed with sufficient.force.
SOUNDING, the operation of trying the depth of the sea,^nd the nature of the bottom, by means of a plummet sunk froma ship to the bottom. There are two plummets used for this pur-pose in navigation ; one of which is called the hand-lead, weigh-ing about eight or nine pounds ; and the other the deep sea-leadwhich weighs from twenty-five to thirty pounds. Both are shap-ed like the frustum of a cone or pyramid. The former is used inshallow waters, and the latter at a great distance from the shore ;particularly on approaching the land after a sea-voyage. Accord-ingly the lines employed for this purpose are called the deep sea,lead-line, and the hand-lead-line. The hand-lead line, which isdually twenty fathoms in length, is marked at every two or threefathoms ; so that the depth of the water may be ascertained eitherin the day or night. At the depth of two or three fathoms, thereare marks of black leather; at live fathoms, there is a whiterag ; at seven, a red rag; at ten, black leather ; at thir-teen, black leather ; at fifteen, a white rag ; and at seventeen, ared ditto. Sounding with the hand lead, which is called heavingthe lead by seamen, is generally performed by a man who standsVi the main-chains to windward. Having the line quite ready torun out without interruption, he holds it nearly at the distance ofa fathom from the plummet ; and having swung the latter back-wards and forwards three or four times, in order to acquire thegreater velocity, he swings it round his head, and thence as farforward as is necessary : so that by the lead’s sinking whilst theship advances, the line may be almost perpendicular when itreaches the bottom. The person sounding then proclaims thedepth of the water in a kind of song resembling the cries of hawk-ers in a city. Thus if the mark of live fathoms is close to the sur-face of the water, he calls, ‘ By the mark five!’ and as there isno mark at four, six, eight, &c. lie estimates those numbers, andcalls, ‘ By the dip four,’ &c. If he judges it to be a quarter ora half more than any particular number, lie calls, ' And a quar-ter five ! and a half four,’ &c. If he conceives the depth to liethree quarters more than a particular number, he calls it a quarterless than the next ; thus, at four fathoms and three fourths lie calls‘ A quarter less five !’ and so on. r I he deep sea-lead is markedwith two knots at 20 fathoms, three at 30, four at 40, and so on tothe end. It is also marked with a single knot in tile middle ofeach interval, as at 25, 35, 45 fathoms, &c.
Sound-post, a post placed wilhinside of a violin, &c. as a propbetween the back and the bell) of the instrument, and nearly un-der the bridge.
SOUP, PORTABLE, or DRY SOUP, is a kind of cakeformed by boiling the gelatinous par's ot animal-substances till(he watery parts are evaporated. T his species of soup is chieflyused at sea, and lias been found of great advantage. The follow-ing is a receipt to prepare it : Of calves feet take four; leg ofbeef, twelve pounds ; knuckle of veal, three pounds ; and leg ofmutton, ten pound-', rinse are to lie boiled in a sufficient quan-tity ofwat .r, and the scum taken off as usual ; ..fter which the.soup is to be sepmntcd from the meat by straining and pressure.The meat is then to be boiled a second time in other water ; andthe two decoction 0 , being added logctliei, must be left to cool, inorder that the fat may be exactly separated. The soup must thenbe clarified with five or six whites of eggs, and a sufficient quan-tity of common salt added. The liquor is then strained throughflannel, and evaporated on the water-bath to tire cons'-lence ot avery thick paite ; after which it is spread rat her thin upon asmooth stone, then cut into cakes, and lastly dried in a stoveuntil it becomes brittle ; tlicse cakes are kept in well closed bot-tles. The same process may be used to make a portable soup ofthe flesh oi poultry ; and aromatic herbs may he used as a season-ing, if thought proper. These tab els or cakes may bo kept fouror five years. When intended to he used, the quantity of half anounce is put into a large glass of boiling water, which is to be co-
vered, and set upon hot ashes for a quarter of an hour, or until thewhole is entirely dissolved. It forms an excellent soup, and re-quires no addition but a small quantity of salt.
SOUR, in chemistry. See Acid, Acidity, Acids, Chemis-try, Salts, &c.
Sour, or Sur, in geography, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, inSyria , on the site of the ancient city of Tyre. Lon. 3G. 5. E.Lat.33.40. N.
Sour Croute, See Croutf., and Krout.
SOU-TCI1EOU, a city of China , of the first rank, in Kiang-nan, 5G2 miles S. S. E. of Peking. Lon. 120. 15. E. Lat.31. 22. N.
SOUTH, Dr. Robert, an eminent divine, the son of Mr.William South, merchant of London , born at Hackney, in 1633.He studied at Westminster school, and afterwards in Christchurch college, Oxford. In 1654, lie wrote a copy of Latin verses tocongratulate Cromwell upon the peace concluded with the Dutch ;and in 1655, a Latin poem intituled “ Musica Jncantans.” la1660 lie was elected public orator of the university ; and in 1661,became domestic chaplain to Edward earl of Clarendon, lord highchancellor of England. In 1663 lie was installed prebendary ofWestminster, admitted D. D. and had a sinecure bestowed onhim in Wales by the earl of Clarendon ; after whose ^retirementinto France in 1667, lie became chaplain to the duke of York. In1670 lie was installed canon of Christchurch in Oxford ; and in1676 attended as chaplain to Laurence Hyde , Esq. ambassadorextraordinary to the king of Poland . In 1678 he was presentedto the rectory of Islip in Oxfordshire ; and in 1680 rebuilt thechancel of that church, as he afterwards did the rectory-house be-longing to it. After the revolution he took the oath of allegianceto William and Mary . He died in 1716, and was interred atWestminster Abbey , where is his monument. He published, 1.Animadversions on Dr. Sherlock’s Vindication of the Holy andEver Blessed Trinity. 2. A defence of his Animadversions. 3.Sermons, 8 vols. 8v<>. And after his decease were published hisOpera Posthmna Latina, and his posthumous English works. Dr.South was remarkable for his wit, which abounds in all his writ-ings, and even in his sermons ; but they equally abound in iil-liumour, spleen, and satire. He was a remarkable time-server.During the life ot Cromwell lie was a staunch Presbyterian , andthen railed against the Independents: at the Restoration heexerted his pulpit-eloquence against the Presbyterians ; andin the reign of Queen Anne , was a warm advocate for Sache-verel.
South, is one of the four cardinal points from which the windsblow.
South, in geography, a river of Maryland , in Arundel county,which runs E into Chesapeuk Bay.
South America. See America; also Brasil, Chili, Para-guay, Patagonia, Peru , &c.
South Britain. See Britain, England, and Wales .
South Cape, a cape at the S. Extremity of New Holland.
South Carolina. See Carolina .
South Island, an island in the North Pacific Ocean . Lon,141. 20 E. Lat. 24 22. N.
South Sea, or Pacific Ocean , is that vast body of water in-terposed between Asia and America , it does not however, strict-ly speaking, reach quite to .the continent of Asia , excepting to thenorthward oi the peninsula o* Malacca ; tor the water interposedbetween the eastern coast of Africa and the peninsula just men-tioned lias the name of the Indian Ocean . The South Sea thenis hounded on one side by the western coast of America , throughits whole extent, from the unknown regions in the nortli to thestraits of Magellan and Terra del Euego, where it communicateswith the southern part of the Atlantic. On the other side, itbounded by tlie coast of Asia , from the northern promontory ^Tsehuskotskoi Noss to the peninsula of Malacca already men-tioned. Thence it is bounded to the southward by the northerncoasts of Borneo, Celebes, Macassar, New Guinea , New Holland’and the other islands in that quarter, which divide it from theIndian Ocean . Then, washing the E. coast of the great island ofNew Holland, it communicates with that vast body ofwateren-compassing the whole southern part of the globe, and which hasthe general name of the Southern Ocean all round.