SOY

613

SPA

E. of Warwick, 13 S. of Coventry, and S3 N. W. of Lon-don .

SOUTHAMPTON, a sea-port-town of England, in Hampshire .Lon. 1. 26. W. Lat. 50. 55. N.

Southampton, a county of Virginia , 40 miles long and 20broad ; bounded on the N. by Sussex county , N. E. by the Isle ofWight, E. by Nansemond, S. by N. Carolina , and W. by Green-ville.

SOUTHERNWOOD. See Artemisia.

SOUTHGATE, the Rev. Richard, F. S. A. a late eminentEnglish antiquary. Having gone through the usual course ofstudy, and taken orders, he was appointed rector of Warsop inNottinghamshire , and curate of St. Gdes’s in the Fields. He wasan active parish-priest, and was indefatigable in his attendance onthe poor, whom he waited on in all places, and at all hours byday and night, in the garrets and cellars of St. Giles’s, and madea surprising reformation upon many of them. As an antiquarian,he was almost unrivalled in numismatic knowledge ; on whichaccount he was made a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ,and assistant-librarian to the British Museum . He died Jan.25, 1795.

SOUTHWARK, an ancient borough of England, adjacent toLondon, on the opposite bank of the Thames . It was called bythe Saxons Sulh, or the South work, in respect to some fort bear-ing that aspect from London . It was also called the Borough, orBurg. It was long independent of London : but, in considerationof the inconveniences arising from the escape of malefactors intothis place, it was in 1327 granted by Edward III . to (be city onpayment of 10 1. annually. It was then called the village ofSouthwark; afterwards the bailiwick; and the mayor and com-monalty of London appointed the bailiff. This power, however,not being sufficient to remedy the evil, in the reign of EdwardVI . it was formed into a twenty-sixth ward, by the title ofBridge Ward Without. In consequence of this, it was sub-jected to the lord-mayor of London , with the steward andbailiff.

SOUTHWELL, an ancient town of England in Northamp-tonshire, 12 miles N. E. of Nottingham . Lon. 0.51. W. Lat.53. 6. N.

SOUTHWOLD, a sea-port-town of Suffolk , 20 miles S. ofYarmouth, 35 N. E. of Ipswich, and 104 S. E. of London . Lon.1. 54. E. Lat. 52. 24. N.

SOUV1GNY, a town of France , in the department of theRhone and Loire , and province of Lyonnois; 50 miles S. E. ofBourges, and 167 S. of Paris .

SOW, in zoology. See Sus.

Sow, in the iron-works, the name of the block or lump of metalthey work at once in the iron-furnace.

Sow, in military mechanics, a machine, much used by theEnglish in their wars with the Scots in the 14th century. It re-sembled the tesludo arietaria of the ancients.

Sow and Pigs, a cluster of large rocks, in the German Ocean, near the E. coast of Northumberland , 33 miles E. N. E.

Blythe.

Sow and Pigs, a cluster of small islands or large rocks on thecoast of Massachusetts , lying off the S. W. end of Catahunk isle,®ne of the Elizabeth islands.

SOWING, in agriculture and gardening, the depositing any5>nd of seed in the earth for a future crop. See Gardening, andHusbandry.

SOY, or SOOJU, a celebrated pickle, much used by the Ja-panese , made from the manic or beans of the Dolichos Soja. ToJnake it, they take equal quantities of the beans boiled to a cer-tain degree of softness; of muggi, or corn, whether barley or"'heat, .roughly ground ; and of common salt. Having properlyJbixed the beans with the pounded corn, they cover up the mix-nre, and keep it for a (lay and a night in a warm place, to f,;r-"lent; then putting the mass into a pot, they cover it with thepouring over the whole two measures and a half of water,his compound substance they carefully stir at least once a day° r two or three mouths: after which, they filtrate ami expresse mass, preserving the liquor in wooden vessels. The older itthe belter and the clearer; and if made of wheal instead of^arley, greatly blacker. The first liquor being removed, llieygain pour water upon the remaining mass; which, after stirringVOL. iv.— no. 198.

for come days, as before, they express a second time, and thusobtain an inferior sort of soy.

SPA, a town of Germany, in the late bishopric of Liege , nowincluded in the French empire, and department of the Ourte, longcelebrated for its mineral-waters. The most remarkable waters atSpa are, 1. The Poubon, situated in the middle of the town ; 2.The Sauveniere, a mile and a half E. of it; 3. Groisbeck, near tothe Sauveniere; 4. Tonnelet, situated a little to the left of theroad which leads to the Sauveniere ; 5. Geronstere, two miles S.of Spa; 6. Wartroz, near to the Tonnelet; 7. Sarts or Niveset,in the district of Sarts; 8. Chevron, or Bru, in the principality ofSlavelot; 9. Couve; 10. Beverse; 11. Siege; 12. Geremont.These four last are near Malmedy . Dr. Brownrigg first discover-ed that fixed air, or carbonic acid gas, forms a principal ingredientin die composition of the Spa waters, and actually separated aquantity of this elastic fluid, by exposing it to different degrees ofheat from 110° to 170° of Fahrenheit. From twenty ounces sevendrachms and fourteen grains apothecaries weight of the Pouhonwater, he obtained eight ounces two drachms and fifty grains.Since June 1765, when Dr. Brownrigg read a paper on this sub-ject before the Royal Society of London , the waters of Spa havebeen often analysed, but perhaps by none with more accuracy thanby Dr. Ash, who published a book on the chemical and medicinalproperties of these waters in 1788. Spa is 17 miles S. E. of Liege ,and 21 E. of Huy. Lon. 5. 50. E. Lat. 50. 30. N.

SPACE. See Metaphysics, and Newtonian Philoso-phy.

Space, in geometry, denotes the area pf any figure,, or thatwhich fills the interval or distance between the lines that termi-nate it.

SPADIX, in botany, anciently signified the receptacle of thepalms. It is now used to express every flower-stalk that is pro-truded out of a spatba or sheath. See Botany.

SPAG1R1C ART, a name given by authors to that species ofchemistry which treats of metals, and is employed in the search ofthe philosopher’s stone.

SPAHIS, horsemen in the Ottoman army chiefly raised inAsia . The great strength of the grand signior’s army consistsin the janisaries, who are the foot; and the spabis, who are thehorse.

SPAIN, a country of Europe , famous both in ancient andmodern history, situated in that large peninsula which forms theS. W. part of Europe . It is bounded on the S. E. and S. by theMediterranean sea and straits of Gibraltar, on the W. and N. bythe Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Ocean, on the S. W. by Portugal ,and on the N. E. by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France .It is 700 miles long, and 500 broad. The air of Spain , duringJune, July, and August, is excessively hot in the day-time: but therest of the year it is pleasant ami temperate. Even during, thesemonths it is very cool in ihe shade ; and so cold in the night, thatit makes a traveller shiver; and in the day-time the violent heatcontinues only about four or five hours. In the north, on themountains, and near the sea-coast, the air is much less sultry in.summer than in the south, especially in the lower parts of thecountry, and at a distance from the sea. It seldom rains here,,except about the equinoxes; the frosts are very gentle towardsthe south; but on the mountains in the N. and N. E. the air isvery sharp in winter. But in the islands of Majorca , Yvica, andFonnentera, the sun serves instead of fire to cook their meat-The mostantient name of Spain was Iberia , supposed by some tobe derived from the Iberians, a people inhabiting Mount Cauca-sus a colony of whom settled in this country. Cithers derive itfrom the Phoenician word Ebra or lbra, signifying a passage orlimit. By the Romans it was called Spnnia or Hispania, from the:Phrenician name Sphanija; and this again from shaphan, a Phoeni-cian word signifying a rabbit, because the western part of Sp ainabounded with those animals. This country was possessed chiefly,by the Carthaginians, till they were expelled B. C. 206, by theRomans, who made themselves masters of the whole B. C. 16.A. D. 409, the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, settled in Spain , butin 428 the Vandals went to Alrica. In 585 the Suevi were drivenout by the Goths , here called Visigoths, who in 5S6 expelled theRomans. In 711 the Saracens invaded the country, and keptpossession till 718, when Don Pelago recovered part of it fromthem. lie reigned in Biscay and the Asturias . In 984 Ber-7 Iv mudo IL