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or supported. Let it not, however, be inferred from litis, thatevolutions and tidies are one and the same. They are closelyconnected, hut there is still a discernible difference betweenthem. Tactics inay be comprehended under order and dispo-i-tion ; evolution is the movement which is made, and eventuallyleads to order. The higher branches of tactics should be thorough-ly understood by all general officers ; but it is sufficient lor inferiorofficers and soldiers to be acquainted with evolutions. Not thatthe latter are beneath the notice, of general officers; but that hav-ing already acquired a knowledge of them, they ought to directtheir attention more immediately to the former, carefully retainingat the same time a clear apprehension of every species of militarydetail, and consequently obviating the many inconveniences andembarrassments which occur from orders being awkwardly ex-pressed by the general, and of course ill understood by the in-terior officer. It may be laid down as a certain rule, thatUnless a general officer makes himself acquainted with particularmovements and dispositions, and preserves the necessary recollec-tions, it is morally impossible for him to he clear and correct inhis general arrangements. Of all mechanical operations, foundedUpon given principles, the art of war is certainly the most com-pendious, the most enlarged, and the most capable of improve-ment. Almost every other science and art are comprehended intt; and it should be the subject-matter, the chief study, and theultimate object, of a general’s reflections, lie must not be satis-fied with a limited conception of its various branches ; he shouldRo deeply into all its parts, be aware of its manifold changes, andSnow how to adopt movements and positions to circumstances andplaces. The Prussian tactics under Frederic the Great had for'fieir principal object to concentrate forces, and to attack the chiefpoints of an enemy, not at one and the same time, but one afterAnother: whereas the. tactics which have been uniformly pursuedfiy (he French , since the commencement of their revolution, haveoeen founded upon tlijs principle ; to attack all points with dividedforces, at one and the same time. We thus see, that the principlesextension have been as much followed by the latter, as those ofCompression were studiously adhered to by the former. In thetime of the Homans, the Gauls , and other nations on the continentfought in the phalanx-order ; it is this order which still prevailsthrough all Europe , except that it is deficient in the advantagesand utility which Polybius ascribes to if, aju] is injured and dis-graced by defects unknown to the apeignt phalanx. In Turenne’sdays, troops were ranged eight deep, both in France and Ger-many . Thirty years after, in the. time of Puyseguar, the ranksV'ere reduced to; five pin the last Flanders war to tour; and imme-diately after to three ; at present the ranks are. reduced to two.this part of Ute progression from eight to, thr.ee being known, we*i»ity conceive how the tiles of the phalanx have been diminishedfrom sixteen to eight in the ages preceding 1 urenne. It is to bepresumed, that this depth was considered as superfluous; and iti, as judged uecessary to curtail it, in order to extend the front.however, the motion is of very little consequence, since we arebow reduced to three ranks; let us therefore endeavour to find outy'hat qualities ot the phalanx have been preserved, anil what might>av c been added to it. To. shew, that we have preserved the de-foe's ot the phalanx in Europe , we supppse two bodies of troops,hj"" of eight thousand men, ranged as a phalanx, sixteen deep;jhe other a regiment of three battalions, consisting only of fifteenfiunffreii men, drawn up in three lines alter the same mannerthese two bodies shall be perfectly equal and alike in extent o

fro

Hie

of

at, and shall differ in nothing but in the depth of their files;

j u inconveniences and defects, therefore, occasioned by the, l ‘ ll gth of their I routs, are equal in both aoops, though Ibeir pum-eri are very different; hence it follows, Uiaf in Europe , the, ‘filial delects of the phalaux are preserved, and its advantagesj. s \> Let, the tiles of this body of eight thousand be afterwardsfief”'’ aiic ^ 't ft e reduced to three in depth, its front will thenfound five limes mure extynsive, and its depth five times less ;ejf' i'" a y therefore conclude, that the defects of the phalanx are0f *«enu y multiplied in the discipline of Europe , at tbe expencebrn' lS advantages, which consisted in the depth of its files. TheRreau eSS which has taken place in the artillery, has contributedt 0 1 ty f° this revolution. As cannon multiplied, it was necessaryof i Voi< * ft s effects; and the only method of avoiding, or at leastfiles^Tk' 1 ® " as doubtless to diminish the depth of the

■ f’hy musket, likewise, has. g great share in the alteration ;0Li iv.—so. 204.

I the haf-pife was entirely laid aside for the bayonet ; and in order' to have no lire unemployed, it was thought necessary to put it iqthe power of every solder to make u>e of his. 1 hese are thei two principal causes of the little solid ly or depth given to ourbattalions. We have now- seen, that the defects ot tlie phalanx, were multiplied in the European discipline, and its advantages and.perlect’ons infinitely dmuni-hed. Our regulations are, ti.eretoie,

, much inferior to t. e phalanx, and have nothing but the singleeffect of fire-arms to counterbalance all its advantages. r I he['effect, however, of fire-arms, is an artificial power, and does not> originally belong to the manner of disciplining troops, the solej aim of which should be to employ man’s natural action. It isf man, therefore, and not this fire, which is to be considered as thej principal agent; and hence we may infer that this method is verymuch inferior to the phalanx, and still more to the Roman airange-ment, which so far surpassed that of Greece . The light troopsof both these people were much heavier than our battalions, andhad more power and solidity for a shock or conflict. However,the Roman discipline, notw i hstanding its superiority, is not cal-culated for our times ; because, as we are obliged to engage at adistance, ours, by its cannon, would destroy the Grecian order ofbattle in a very short time, and would be exposed to a loss muchless considerable itself, supposing even the artillery was equal onboth sides ; we should then, in order to perfect our arrangements,endeavour to procure them all the advantages of the legionaryregulations, as the only means of giving them the superiority.

Tactics, Maritime. See Naval Tactics.

TADCASTER, a town of England in the West Riding ofYorkshire, noted for plenty of lime-stone dug up near it; and forbeing one of the first places in which a building was erected forSunday Schools. It is nine miles S. W. of hf ork.

TADOUSAC, a town of North America, in Lower Canada ,at the mouth of the Sagueny, on the leftside of the St. Lawrence ,100 miles N. E. of Quebec .

TADPOLE, is a young frog before it ligs disengaged itself fronifhe membranes that envelope it in its first stage of life.

T/EN AIlUS, a cape of Laconia, the most S. point of the Morea,where Neptune had a temple. It is now called Matapan.

TjENIA, in architecture, a member of the. Doric capital, re-sembling a square fillet, serving instead of a cymatium, beingmade fast to a capital below the triglyphs, whereof it seems the base*

TAENIA, theTAPE-WoRM, in entomology, a genus of animalsbelonging to the class of vermes, and order intestina. Bcyly long,depressed, jointed like a chain, containing a mouth and viscera ineach joint. There are about 100 species ; all of which inhabit theintestines of various animals, particularly of quadrupeds. ’1 lie taeniaappears destined to, teed on such juices of animals as are alreadyaninializeti, and is therefore most commonly found in the alimen-tary canal, ai,i,d in the upper part, where there is the greatestabundance of chyle; for chyle seems to, be the natural food of thelamia. As it is thus supported by food which is already digested,it is destitute ol die complicated organs of digestion. Seven speciesof taenia are peculiar to mag: viz.

T. Cellulosa, wlpch is ipclosed in a cartilaginous vesicle,inhabits the cellular substanq,’ of the nuiscleg; is adopt an inchIona, half an inch broad, and one-fpqrth of an inch th'mk-

T. Dentata, has a pointed head; the larger points are. streakedtransversely, and the small joints ate all dila(fd ; the osculum oropening in the middle of both margins is somewhat raised. It isnarrow, 10 or 12 feef long, and broad in the foreparts.

T. Lata, is white with joints very shorf and knotty in the mid-dle. It is from 18 to 120 feet long, its joints are streaked trans-versely ; its ovaria are disposed like tli? p.etgls oil arose.

T. Solium, has a marginal mouth, one op each joint. Thisspecies is most frequent in this country. It is trorn three to thirtyfeet long, some sav sixlv. It is composed of a head, in which i»a pioutlT adapted io dri'pk up fluids, aqd an apparatus fpv givingthe head a fixed situation. The- body is composed ol a greatnumber of distinct pieces articulated together, egch joint havingan organ whereby it attaches itself to the neighbouring part of theinner opat of the intestine. The j pints nearest the head are alwayssmall, and they become gradually pal urged as they are farther rermpyed from it: but towards the tail a lew of the last joints againbecome diminished in size.

T. Truttjs, which chiefly Inhabits the liver pf thy trout, hutis also to be found in thp intyafflips of thy hpipan jipucies.

8N r F. Visceralis,