TAR

697

TAR

Tare, in commerce, is an allowance for the outside-packagethat contains such goods as cannot be unpacked without detriment;or for the papers, threads, bands, &c. that inclose or bind anygoods imported loose ; or though imported in casks, chests, &c.yet ca'mi"i be unpacked and weighed neat.

TARENTA1SE, a county and province of Savoy, barren,and full of frightful precipices. Mmistier is the capital.

TAKEN kUM, TARENTUS, or TARAS, an ancient city ofItaly, in Calabria .

TARGET’, in war. See Shield.

TARGIONI A, in botany, a genus of the cryptogamia hepatic*.Calyx two-valvcd, compressed, containing at bottom a capsulenearly globular, many seeded. There is only one species, viz.T. hypophylla, a native of Europe .

TARGOROD, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia , 50miles S. W. of Jassy. Lon. 26. 29. E. Lat. 46. 49. N.

TARGOVISCO, or TERGOV1SCO, a city of EuropeanTurkey, capital of Walachia , 70 miles S E. of Hermanstadt, and188 N. E. of Belgrade . Lon. 25. 26. E. Lat. 45. 45. N.

TARGUM, [aUtn,] signifies paraphrases or expositions, be-cause they are rather comments and explications, than literal trans-lations, of the text. They are written in the Chaldee tongue,which became more familiar to the Jews after their captivity inBabylon than the Hebrew itself. But though the custom of mak-ing these expositions in the Chaldee language be very ancientamong the Hebrews, yet have they no targums before the era ofJonathan and Onkelos.

i. Targum of Jerusalem is only upon the Pentateuch ; noris that entire or perfect.

ii. Targum op Jonathan, the son of Uzie), is upon the greaterand less prophets. He nourished under Herod the Great , aboutB. C. 30.

iii. T argum of Joseph the Blind is upon the Hagiographa.This author is much more modern, and less esteemed, than thoseabove-mentioned.

iv. Targum of Onkelos is the most of all esteemed, andcopies, are to be louud in winch it is inserted verse for verse withthe Hebrew , it is so short and so simple, that it cannot be sus-pected ot being corrupted. This paraplirast wrote only upon thebooks of Moses ; and Ins style approaches nearly to the purity ofthe Chaldee, as it is found m D.miel and Ezra . This targum iscited in the Mischna, but was not known either to Eusebius, St.Jerome, or St. Origen .

TARiF, a table or catalogue containing the names of differentsorts of merchandize, with the duties to be paid as settled bya Uthority among trading nations.

TARIFFA, asea-puri town of Spain, in Seville , 27 miles S.S.E.of Medina Sidonia , and 17 W. S. \V. of Gibraltar. Lon. 5. 40. W.Cat. 30. 0. N.

TaRIN, Peter, a French physician and author, born atCourtenai, about the end of llie seventeenth century. He pub-lished, 1. Adversaria Anatomica, 4to. 2. An Anatomical Dic-bonary, 4to. 3. Osteographia, 4to. 4. Anthropeomia, or the Art°f Dissecting, 2 vols. l2mo. 5. A T reatise on Ligaments. 6. Ob-servations on Medicine and Surgery, 3 vols. 12mo. And, 7. ADescription of the Muscles, 4to. He died in 1761.

- TAR1NGASONG, a town of Thibet , 17 miles S. S. E. ofLassa, and 1 06 N. of Gln rgong. Lon. 93. 0. E. Lat. 28. 6. N.

TARKU, a city ot Asia, capital of Daghestan , on the west!j°ast of the Caspian Sea , 52 miles S. E. of Derki. Lon. 47. 5. E.■Dd. 45. 50. N.

BARN, a department of France , formed out of the province°f Languedoc. Castres is the capital .

,, f AR.O, a borough in the duchy of Parma , 25 miles S. W. of‘ a /'"a. Lon. 10. 9. E. Lat. 44. 4o". N.

-BARODANT, or TARUDANT, a city of Morocco , capital1 Sus, 120 miles S. of Morocco . Lon. 8. 10. W. Lat. 30. 0. N.

. I ARPEIA, a vestal virgin, who betrayed the citadel of Rome , u the Sabines-; for which, by a voluntary mistake, they rewardede r with death. See Rome .

JAR Pei an ROCK, in Roman antiquity, a steep rock inome; whence, by the law of the XII. Tables, those guilty ofrtain crimes were precipitated. It took its name lrom l arpeia,"’as burned near it.

t ARPehjs MONS, the Tarpeian Hill, on which stood thevol. iv.— no. 204.

Tarpeian Rock . See last article. It was 80 feet perpendicularin height. It was also called Capitolinas, from the capitol, beingbuilt on it.

TARRACONENSIS HISPANIA, an ancient Roman pro-vince of Spain, called also Hispania Citra, or Citerior , in respectof its situation as to Romp, it was bounded on the north by thePyrenees and the Cantabrian Sea, now the Bay of Biscay .

TARRAGONA, an ancient city of Spain, in Catalonia , ofwhich province it is the metropolis , seated on the Mediterranean,at tlie mouth of the Francoli. It was most cruelly sacked in1811 by tlie Frencli invaders under Suchet, to whom it sur-rendered after a siege of three months. It is 35 miles N. E. ofTortosa, 38 S. W. ot Barcelona , 98 E. S. E. of Saragossa, and 220E. by N. of Madrid . Lon. 1. 13. E. Lat. 41. 8. N.

TARSUS, tlie space betwixt tlie lower end of the

focil bones of the leg, and the beginning of the five long bonesthat are jointed with, and bear up, the toes. See Anatomy.

Tarsus, in ancient geography, a celebrated city of Cilicia ,seated on tlie Cydnus. The inhabitants having, in the time of JuliusCxsar, shewed themselves friendly to the Romans, they wereendowed with all the privileges of Roman citizens. Hence St.Paul- claimed being a Roman. It is now called Tarasso.

TARTAN , or TARTAN-CLOTH, a kind of cloth, madegenerally of woollen, sometimes of linen, and often of silk, ofvarious colours; as blue, red, green, white, black, yellow, &c.running in parallel lines, and crossing each other ; anti thus form-ing various coloured squares, parallelograms and parallelopipeds.This dress is much worn by the Scottish Highlanders.

TARTANE, in sea-language, a small coasting vessel navi-gated in the Mediterranean Sea , and having only one mast and abowsprit.

TARTAR , or TARTRATE OF POTASS, in modern che-mistry, is obtained in a state of impurity, incrusted on the bottomand sides of casks in which wine has been kept. It is afterwardspurified by dissolving it in boiling water, and filtring it while hot.On cooling, it deposits the pure salt in very irregular crystals.In this state it is sold under the name of crystals, or cream oftartar.

TARTARIC ACID, in chemistry, an acid first procured byScbeele in a separate state, in the year 1770. The process whicnlie followed was by boiling a quantity of tartar, or cream of tartar,in water, and adding powdered chalk till effervescence ceased,and the liquid no longer reddened vegetable blues. It was thenallowed to cool, the liquor filtered, and a white insoluble powdecremained on the filter, which was carefully removed and wellwashed. This was put into a matrass, and a quantity of sulphuricacid, equal in weight to the chalk employed, diluted in water,poured upon it. Tlie mixture was allowed to digest for twelvehours on a sand-bath, stirring it occasionally with a glass-rod. Thesulphuric acid combined with the lime, and formed a sulphate oflime, which fell to the bottom. Tlie liquid contained the tartaricacid dissolved in it. This was decanted off, and a little acetate oflead dropped into it, as a test to detect the sulphuric acid, shouldany remain, and if this be the case, it must be digested again withmore tartiate of lime, to carry off what remains of the sulphuricacid. It is then to be evaporated, and about one-third of theweight of -'-lie tartar employed is obtained of concrete tartaricacid. To purify this, the crystals may be dissolved in distilledwater, and again evaporated and crystallized. It seems probablethat this acid exists in a state of purity in some vegetables. Van-quelin found a sixty-fourth part-in Ihe pulp of the tamarind. Tar-taric (or tartarous) acid thus obtained is in the form of very fineneedle-shaped crystals; but they have been differently describedby different chemists. One hundredjiarts ot this acid consist ofoxygen 70.5, carbon 19, and hydrogen 10.5.

TARTARUS, in mythology, the infernal regions, or the hellof the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians ; which consistedof two divisions, the one called Elysium, for the reception of thevirtuous; tlie other Tartarus, for that of the wicked.

TARTARY, a very large country of Asia , situated between40° and 143° Lon. E. and between 37° and 55° Lat. N. It isbounded on tlie N. by Siberia, or that part of Asia which belongsto Russia; on the W. by the Don, Wolga , and Kama, winch sepa-rate it from Russia ; on the S. by the Euxine and Caspian Seas ,Karasm, the two Bukharias, China, and Korea ; and on the E. by8 P the