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ed, e re nata, and no need of provision before hand ; thoughmuch better if foreseen, and course taken by mutual consent ofparties.” This could be done only by means of a telegraph, whichin the next sentence is declared to have been rendered so perfect,that by means of it the correspondence could be carried on “ bynight as well as by day, though as dark as pitch is black.” About4o years after this, M. Amontons proposed a telegraph, but it wasnot till the French Revolution that the telegraph was applied to,useful purposes. M. Chappe improved the telegraph first used bythe French about the end of 1793, probably from the invention ofthe learned Mr. Hooke. The manner of using this telegfaph wasas follows: at the first station, which was on the roof of the pa-lace of the Louvre at Paris , M. Chappe received in writing,from the committee of public safety, the words to be sent to Lisle,near which the French army then was. An upright post waserected on the Louvre, at the top of which were two transversearms, moveable in all directions by a single piece of mechanism,and with inconceivable rapidity. He invented a number of posi-tions for these arms, which stood as signs for the letters of the al-phabet; and these, for the greater celerity and simplicity, he re-duced in number as much as possible. The intermediate opera-tors were only instructed generally in sixteen signals; which were sodistinct, so marked, so different the one from the other, that they" ere easily remembered. The construction of the machine wassuch,that each signal was uniformly given in precisely the same mannerat all times. M. Chappe having received at the Louvre the sen-itence to be conveyed, gave a known signal to the second station,which was Mont Martre, to prepare. At each station there was aWatch-tower, where telescopes were fixed, and the person on watchgave the signal of preparation which he had received, and thiscommunicated successively through all the line, which broughtthem all into a state of readiness. The person at Mont Martrethen received, letter by letter, the sentence from the Louvre,which he repeated with his own machine; and this was again re-peated from the next height, with inconceivable rapidity, to thefinal station at Lisle. The first description of the telegraph was 1brought from Paris to Frankfort on the Maine by a former mem-ber ot the parliament at Bourdeanx, who had seen that which waserected on the mountain of Belville. As given by Dr. Huttonfrom some of the English papers, it is as follows: AA, PlateCLXXl, fig. 1, is a beam or mast of wood placed upright on arising ground, which is about 15 or 16 feet high. BB is a beamor balance moving upon the centre A A. This balance-beam maybe placed vertically or horizontally, or any how inclined, bymeans of strong cords, which are fixed to the wheel D, on theedge of which is a double groove to receive the two cords. Thisbalance is about 11 or 12 feet long, and 9 inches broad, having atthe ends two pieces of wood CC, which likewise turn upon anglesby means of four other cords that pass through the axis of the mainbalance, otherwise the balance would derange the cords; thepieces C are each about three feet long, and may be placed eitherto the right or left, straight or square, with the balance-beam. Bymeans of these three the combination of movement is very ex-tensive, remarkably simple, and easy to perform. Below is asmall wooden hut, in which a person is employed to observe themovements of the machine. In the mountain nearest to this ano-ther person is to repeat these movements, and a third to writel, 'em down. The time taken up for each movement is 20seconds;

which the motion alone is four seconds, the other 16 the ma-c mue is stationary. Two working models of this instrument wereExecuted at Frankfort, and sent by Mr. W. Playfair to the Dukem York ; and hence the plan and alphabet of the machine cameEngland; Various experiments were in consequence tried"l>on telegraphs in this country ; and one was soon after set up bygovernment in a chain of stations from the admiralty-office to theSp a-coast. It consists of six octagon-hoards, each of which isPoised upon an axis in a frame, in such a manner that it can beei mer placed vertically, so as to appear with its full size to theobserver at the nearest station, as in fig. 2, or it becomes invisibler ° nim by being placed horizontally, as in fig. 3, so that the nar-°w edge alone is exposed, which narrow edge is from a distance“visible. Fig. 2, is a representation of this telegraph, with theP®it3 all shut, and the machine ready to work. T, in the officer’sJ m, is the telescope pointed to the next station. Fig. 3, is apresentation of the machine not at work, and with the portsVot, iv.— no. 205.

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ali open. The opening of the first port (fig. 2,) expresses a, thesecond b, the third c, the fourth d, the fifth e, and the sixth f, &c.Six boards make 36 changes, by the most plain and simple modeof working; and they will make many more if more were neces-sary. Mr. John Garnet’s telegraph is a most simple and ingeniouscontrivance. This is merely a bar or plank turning upon a cen-tre, like the sail of a windmill; and being moved into any posi-tion, the distant observer turns the tube of a telescope into thesame position, by bringing a fixed wire within it to coincide withor parallel to the bar, which is a thing extremely easy to do.ABDE (fig. 4,) is the telegraph, on whose centre of gravity C, aboutwhich it revolves, is a fixed pin, which goes through a hole orsocket in the firm upright post G, and on the opposite side ofwhich is fixed an index Cl. Concentric to C, on the same post,is fixed a wooden or brass circle, of six or eight inches diameter,divided into forty-eight equal parts, twenty-four of which repre-sent the letters of the alphabet, and between the letters, numbers;so that the index, by means of the arm AB, may be moved toany letter or number. The length of the arm should be 2£ or3 feet for every mile of distance. Two revolving lamps of dif-ferent colours suspended occasionally at A and B, the ends of thearm, would serve equally at night. Let ss (fig. 5,) represent thesection of the outward tube of a telescope perpendicular to itsaxis, and ax the like section of the sliding or adjusting tube, onwhich is fixed an index II. On the part of the outward tube nextto the observer, there is fixed a circle of letters and numbers, si-milarly divided and situated to the circle in fig. 4; then theindex II, by means of the sliding or adjusting tube, may beturned to any letter or number. Now there being a cross hair,or fine silver-wire, fg, fixed in the focus of the eye-glass, in thesame direction as the index II; so that when the arm AB, (fig. 4,)of the telegraph is viewed at a distance through the telescope, thecross-hair may be turned, by means of the sliding tube, to thesame direction of the arm AB ; then the index II, (fig. 5,) willpoint to the same letter or number on its own circle, as the indexI, (fig. 4,) points to on the telegraphic circle. If, instead of usingthe letters and numbers to form words at length, they are used assignals, three motions of the arm will give above a hundred thou-sand different signals.

TELEMACIIUS, the son of Ulysses and .Penelope , was inthe cradle when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to theTrojan war. When a child, lie fell into the sea, but was broughtashore by a dolphin. At the end of that war, Telemachus wentto seek his father ; and as the place of his residence, and thecause of his long absence, were unknown, he visited the courts ofMenelaus and Nestor to obtain information ; accompanied by Mi-nerva in the form of Mentor. He afterwards returned to Ithaca,where the suitors of Penelope had conspired to murder him, buthe avoided their snares; and by means of Minerva he discoveredhis father, who had arrived in the island two days before him, andwas then in the house of Eumams. With this faithful servant andUlysses, Telemachus concerted howto deliver his mother from theimportunities of her suitors, and it was effected with great success.After his father’s death, he went to the island of JExa, where hemarried Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe , by whom he bad a soncalled Latinus. He some time after had the misfortune to killhis mother-in-law Circe, and lied to Italy , where he foundedClusium. From these stories, collected from Homer and the*other poets, the celebrated Fenelon Archbishop of Cambray com-posed his well-known Adventures of Telemachus ; which, thoughnot in verse, is justly esteemed a poem.

TELEPHIUM, True Orpine, in botany, a genus of plantsbelonging to the class pentandria, and order trigvnia; natural or- ■der, Miscellanea:. Calyx five-leaved ; petals five, inserted intothe receptacle; capsule one-celled, three-valved. There are twospecies.

TELESCOPE, OP»i and <™<nr™,] an optical instrument con-sisting of several lenses, by means of which remote objects are somagnified as to appear nigh at hand. See Lens . This name iscommonly appropriated to the larger sizes of optic instrumentswhile the smaller are called perspective-glasses, spy-glasses, oropera-glasses. A particular kind, which is thought to be muchbrighter than the rest,, is called a night-glass. That the telescopeis of a modern invention is most certain. It is contended, thatAlexander de Spina, a native of Pisa , was the first that made the8 Q use