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travelled through a considerable part of Europe* and into Asia ,lie laid down rules, and invented an instrument, for finding ofthe longitude, and the declination of the needle. The dearestemployment of his life was the collection of scarce books, of whichhe formed a very valuable collection. He assisted at a conclave,held on the death of Pope Innocent X. and was the French envoyat Genoa. He died in Oct. 1692, aged 71. His Travels intothe Levant, &c. were published in English , in 1687, folio; and inFrench at Paris , in 1663, folio. He wrote also L’Art de Nager,the Art of Swimming, 12mo. 1690.

THEURGY, in ancient superstition, was that sacred part ofmagic sometimes called white magic, or the white art, in oppositionto necromancy, or the black art. The word is formed from ©!(©■,God , and tpyov, work ; q. d. the art of doing divine things, orthings which God alone can do; or the power of working extraor-dinary and supernatural things, by invoking the names of God ,saints, angels, &c. Accordingly, those who have written olmagic in general, divide it into three parts: the first whereof iscalled theurgy, as operating by divine or celestial means ; thesecond, natural magic, performed by the powers of nature; andthe third, comprehending necromancy, sorcery, and witchcraft, ormagic, performed by the assistance of demons or departed men.See Magic .

TIIICKNESSE, Philip, Esq. an eminent English writer,highly esteemed for his honour, probity, and feeling for persons indistress, as well as for his literary talents, and social virtues. Hewrote, 1. Observations on the French Nation, 8vo. 2. 'A Year’sJourney through France and Spain ; 1777, 8vo. 3. The NewBath Guide; 1778. 4. Valetudinarian’s Bath-Guide; 1780. 5.

Queries to Lord Audley ; (his son) 1782. 6. A Year’s Journey

through the Pais-Bas and the Austrian Netherlands ; in 2 vols. 8vo.1784. 7. A Letter to the Earl of Coventry; 1785. 8. Letter

to Dr. James Mackiltrick Adair; 1787. 9 Memoirs and Anec-dotes of Himself; 1788. 10. Memoirs of Mr. Gainsborough;

1788. 11. Junius Discovered ; 1789. 12. Letter to C. Bounor,

Esq. deputy Comptroller of the Post-Office; 1792. Fie died sud-denly in his coach, beside his lady, near Saumers, on a jaunt toParis , Nov. 28th, 1792.

THIERS, John Baptist , a learned divine of the Sorbonne,born at Chartres , in 1686. After being a professor in the univer-sity of Paris, he was made Bishop of Champrond, in Chartres . Hewrote 1. A Treatise on Superstitions respecting the Sacraments :2. De Festorum Immunitione Liber; 3. A History of Perukes; andother curious tracts.

Thiers, in geography, a town of France , in the department ofPuy de Dome; 20 miles E. of Clermont , and 21 S. E. ofGannat .

THIGH, in anatomy. See Anatomy.

THIONVILLE, an ancient and strong town of France , in thedepartment of the Moselle , and province of Lorrain, 14 milesN. of Metz, and 195 N. E. of Paris . Lon. 6. 15. E. Lat. 49.21. N-

THIRSK, orTHRUSK, a borough of England, in the NorthBiding of Yorkshire, 20 miles N. VV. of York . Lon. 1. 16. W.Lat. 54. 15. N.

THIRST, an uneasy sensation arising from a deficiency of theSaliva to moisten the inward parts of the mouth. Hence arises astrong desire for drink ; and thirst is a symptom generally attend-ing fevers of all kinds. Thirst is best allayed by acids; waterkept a while in the mouth, then spit out, and repeated as requir-ed ; a bit of bread chewed with a little water, which latter may begradually swallowed ; if the person is very hot, brandy, or anygood spirit, is the safest remedy. In all cases of great thirst,which always arises from debility, large draughts of cold water arehurtful: and in casts of high perspiration, trorr, hard labour orviolent exercise, not only cold water, but beer, porter, strong ale,or in short any cold liquor, are attended with the most fatal conse-quences ; often producing the most dangerous diseases, especiallyif taken in large quantities.

THISTLE. See Carduus.

Thistle, Order of the, or of St. Andrew, a militaryOrder ot knighthood in Scotland . See Heraldry.t THIVA, TI11VE, or ST1BES, a town of European Turkey ,tn Livadia, anciently called Thebes , 20 miles N. W. of Setines or

Athens, and 280 S. W. of Constantinople . Lon. 23. 40. E. Lat38. 17. N

TFlLASPf, Bastard-Cress, or Mithridate-Mustard ;in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class tetradynamia,and order siliculosa ; natural order, Siliquosse. Pod emarginated,obcordate, mauy-seeded; valves boat-shaped, marginato-carinate.There are 14 species.

T. Bursa Pastoris, or Shepherd’s Purse, has obcordatepods; the radical leaves are pinnated. The seeds of some ofthese species have an acrid biting taste, approaching to that of thecommon mustard ; with which they agree nearly in their pharma-ceutic properties.

THOA, a genus of the monoecia polyandria class and order ofplants. No calyx or corolla; male stamina numerous; femalegermina two; stigma three or four-cleft; seed in a brittle shell,covered with a bristly nectary. There is one species.

TIIOISSEL, a town of France, in the department of Ain , andprovince of Bressc, 10 miles N. of Trevoux, and 200 S. E. ofParis .

THOMAR, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura , 63 miles N.E. of Lisbon, and 14 S. of Coimbra .

THOMAS, an apostle of Jesus Christ , and the only one of theeleven, who could not believe in bis Lord’s resurrection, till bebad satisfied himself, by feeling thg marks of his wounds, whichour Saviour graciously condescended to allow him to do. Thomas was a native ol Galilee, and was surnamed Didymus, or the Twin.He preached the gospel in the eastern countries, and at last suf-fered martyrdom in India .

Thomas’s Day, St. of Canterbury , a festival of theRomish church, observed on December 29, in memory ofThomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury , who was murder-ed, or, as the Romanists say, martyred, in the reign of kingHenry II

THOMSON, James, an excellent British poet, the son of aScottish divine, was born in die shire of Roxburgh , in 1700, andwas educated in the university of Edinburgh , with a view to theministry, which profession he declined. Having written his poeitiof Winter, he brought it to London , where il was published, butlay unnoticed for a considerable time. Afterwards its great meritbrought him into notice and popularity, and the author added thethree other Seasons . Mr. Thomson accompanied the Hon. Mr.Talbot in Ins travels, and on bis return settled at Richmond, innarrow circumstances. He produced some dramatic pieces ofconsiderable merit; Liberty, a poem, and the Castle of Indo-lence, in the manner of Spenser. But his fame rests upon thepoem of the Seasons , to winch even Dr. Johnson has borne thetestimony of approbation. In descriptive scenery, and patheticexpression, few poets will be found to excel Thomson. His man-ners were gentle and inoffensive, and his piety rational and unas-suming. About two years before bis death he obtained the placeof surveyor-general of the Leeward Islands. He died in 1748.His works have been printed in four vols. 12mo.

THONON, a town in the duchy of Savoy, capital of Chablais ,seated on the lake ot Geneva, 13 miles S. W. of Lausanne . Lon.6. 44. E. Lat. 46. 19. N.

ITIOOSA, a sea-nymph, the daughter of Phorcys, and motherof Polyphemus , by Neptune.

TIIOR, the eldest and bravest of the sons of Odin and Frea,was, after his parents, the greatest god of the Saxons and Danes,while they continued heathensTHORACIC, a term applied to an order of fishes,in the Linmean system ; the character of this order of fishes is, that theyhave bony gills, and ventral fins placed directly under the thoraxOf this order there are 21 genera, viz. the

Ct-pola,Echineis,Coryphcna,Gobius,Collins,Scorpxna,Zeus,

Pleuronectes,Chxtodon,

S pares,

Scarus

Labrus,Scixna,

Perea,Trachychthys,Gasterosteus,Scomber,Centrogaster,Mullus,Trigla,Lonchiurus.

THBRVtCIC