white colour, like silver; a slight disagreeable taste, and emits apeculiar smell when rubbed. Its specific gravity is 729. It isvery malleable. Tin-leal or foil is about TO VtJ l h part ot' an inchthick, and it might be reduced to half this thickness. It is veryflexible, and produces a remarkable crackling noise when bended,and when heated to 442° it melts. When exposed to the air itvery soon loses its lustre, and assumes a greyish-while colour, butundergoes no farther change. Neither is it sensibly altered by-being kept under cold water; but when the stream of water ismade to pass over red-hot tin, it is decomposed, the tin is oxydat-ed, and hydrogen gas is evolved. When tin is melted in an openvessel, its'snrface becomes very soon covered with a grey powder,which is an oxide of the ml-tal. If the heat is continued, the co-lour of the powder gradually changes, and at last it becomes yel-iow. In this state it is know'll by the name of putty, and employ-ed in polishing glass and other hard bodies. When tin is heatedvery violently in an open vessel, it takes fire, and is converted into® line white oxide, which may be obtained in crystals. Tin is ca-pable of combining with two different proportions of oxygen, andof forming two oxides; usually distinguished, on account of theircolour, by the names of the yellow and the white oxide. Tin combines with sulphur and phosphorus; but it has never beencombined with carbon or hydrogen. Sulphuret of tin may beformed by throwing bits of sulphur upon the metal melted in acrucible, or by fusing the two ingredients together. It is brittle,heavier than tin, and not so fusible. Phosphuret of tin may beformed by melting in a crucible equal parts of filings of tin andphosphoric glass. Tin has a greater affinity for oxygen than phos-phorus has. Part of the metal, therefore, combines with the oxy-gen of the glass during the fusion, and flies off in the state of anoxide, and the rest of the tin combines with the phosphorus. Thephosphuret of tin may be cut with a knife ; it extends under thenamtner, but separates in lamina;. Mercury dissolves tin veryreadily cold ; and these metals may be combined in any propor-tion by pouring mercury into melted tin. The amalgam of tin,when composed of three parts of mercury and one of tin, crystal-lizes in the form of cubes, according to l3aubenton ; but, accord-ing to Sage, in grey brilliant square plates, thin towards the edges,and attached to each other so that the cavities between them arepolygonal. It is used to silver the backs of glass-mirrors. SeeFoliation of Looking-Glasses. r l in unites very readily withcopper, and forms an alloy exceedingly useful for a great varietyof purposes. Of this alloy cannons are made ; bell-metal; bronze;Qnd the mirrors of telescopes, and formed of different proportionsof the same metals. The addition of tin diminishes the ductilityof copper, and increases its hardness, tenacity, fusibility, and so-norousness. The specific gravity of the alloy is greater than themean density of the two metals. For its affinities, see Chemistry.
TIMOTHEUS, or TIMOTHY, an eminent evangelist of theapostolic age, born at Lystra, in Asia . His father was a Greek,®ut his mother Eunice, and his grandmother Lois, were Jewesses,®nd educated him in the true religion. He became an early con-cert, and a great favourite of St. Paul; whom he accompanied toPhilippi,Thessalonica , and Perea. The Episcopalians and Papistsffy lie was the first bishop of Ephesus ; but this is contested bythe Presbyterians . lie was stoned to death A. D. 97.
^TlNA, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia , seated on the■t is ; 37 miles N. W. of Spalatro. Lon. 17. 9. E. Lat. 44.28. N.►p.-liNA, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, anciently called■Olios: one of the Cyclades , on the W. of Nicaria ; 17 miles long,8 broad. St. Nicoio is the capital. Lon. 25. 24. E. Lat.3? -30. N.
T 1NCAL, the name by which crude or impure borax is called.
I1NCTURE, in heraldry, the hue or colour of any thing in, °at-arniour, under which denomination may also be included themetals, or and argent, because they are often represented byyellow ami white.
I inctures, in pharmacy. Sec Pharmacy.
IINDAL, Dk. Matthew, a famous English writer, the sonlfif le ^ ev - John Tindal of Beer-Ferres in Devonshire, born about^ He studied at Lincoln College, Oxford , and was after-
ards elected fellow of All Souls, In 16S5 he took the degree ofCan - antl ln tlle reign of James II . declared himself a Romanhe “ l0 *' c > but soon renounced that religion. After the revolutionpublished several pamphlets iu favour of government, the li-
vol. iv— N0 . 208 .
berty of the press, &e. IIis Rights of the Christian Church as-serted, occasioned his having a violent contest with the high-churchclergy .; and his treatise “ Christianity as old as the Creation,” pub-lished in 1730, made much noise, and was answered by severalwriters, particularly by Dr. Conybeare, Mr, Forster, and Dr.Leland. Dr. Tindal died at London in August 1733. Pie leftin MS. a second volume of his “ Christianity as old as the Crea-tion:” the preface to which has been published.
TINEMOUTII, or rather TYNEMOUTH, a sea-port-townof England, in Northumberland, 9 miles E. of Newcastle . Lon.0. 16. W. Lat. 55. 6. N.
T. IN IAN, one of the Mariana islands ; 12 miles long, 6 broad,and 40 in circumference. Lon. 146. 0. E. Lat. 15. 0. N.
TINNING, the covering or lining of any thing with meltedtin, or with tin reduced to very fine leaf. Looking-glasses are fo-liated or tinned with thin plates of beaten tin. See Foliating.Kettles, saucepans, and other kitchen-utensils, which are usuallymade of copper, are tinner!, if of new copper, should first becleaned or scoured with salt and sulphuric acid diluted with water.This, however, is not always done; some workmen contentingthemselves wilh scouring it with sand perfectly dry, or with scalesof iron. Powdered rosin is then strewed over it; and when thevessel or utensil is considerably healed, melted tin poured intoit, and rubbed with flax coiled hard over the surface to be coated.'Phis tip may be cither pure, such as that known by the Dame ofgrain-tin ; or a composition consisting of two parls of tin and oneof lead. For very obvious reasons, we should certainly prefer thepure tin ; but the generality of workmen give the preference tothe composition, because the surface coated with it appears morebrilliant.
Tinning of CorPER. To prevent the poisonous effects ofcopper, culinary vessels made of that metal are usually coveredwith (in on the inside. In preparing them for this operation, thevessels are first scraped clean and bright. They are next rubbedwith sal ammoniac, to clean them more completely. They arethen heated and sprinkled with powdered rosin, which preventsthe surface of the copper from being oxydated or calcined. Themelted tin is then poured on, and spreacl about. It is, however,justly complained, that one single tinning of copper-vessels is notsufficient to preserve them from the action of the air, moisture,and saline substances; because these vessels, even when well tin-ned, are observed to be liable to rust. This may be remedied bya thicker covering of tin. In using these vessels, care should betaken to allow no corrosive or solvent liquid to remain long inthem after using ; and when any particle of the tin begins to wearoffi the vessel should be tinned all over anew, which will cost amere trifle. As many families living at a distance from towns>either have no opportunity of sending their copper-utensils to bere-tinned, or carelessly overlook such necessary repair, we thinkit useful to observe, that the whole process may be easily- per-formed by servants, who possess common skill and dexterity.I* or this purpose, the vessel ought to be previously scoured, anddried ; then exposed to a moderate heat, with such a portion ofpure grain-tin as may be sufficient to cover the inner surface :when this metal is melted, a small quantity of sal ammoniac shouldbe strewed over it; and, immediately after, a whisk or roll ofcoarse and hard twisted flax must be employed, for spreading thecomposition uniformly over the sides and bottom of the vessel.To improve the coating, about a third part of zinc may be addedto the tin; though the latter would produce the desired effect, ffit could be obtained iu a pure state.
Tinning of Iron . When irou-plates are to be tinned, theyare first scoured, and then put into what is called a pickle, whichis sulphuric acid diluted with water; this dissolves the rust oroxide that was left after scouring, and renders the surface perfectlylean. They are then again washed and scoured. They are nowdipped into a vessel full of melted tin, the surface of which is co-vered with fat or oil, to defend it from the aetioo of (tie air. Rythis means, the iron coming into contact with the melted tin in aperfectly metallic state, it comes out completely coated.
TINNITUS AURIUM, a noise or buzzing in the ear, when-it seems to receive sounds which do not exist, or at least’whichare not produced by the motion of the external air; and the earbeing filled with a certain species of sound, cannot admit othersounds, unless they are very violent. The tiiyiifus is of two kinds,
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