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TOLUSBURG, a sea-port-town of Russia, in Riga , seatedon the Gulf of Finland; 60 miles W. of Narva . Lon, 26. 4. E.Lat. 59. 38. N.

TOLHUYS, a town of Holland , in the province of Guelder-land ; seated on the Rhine , 8 miles E. of Nimegtien. Lon. 6. 0.E. Lat. 51. 56. N.

TOLL, a tax or custom paid for liberty to vend goods in amarket or fair, or for keeping roads in proper repair. The firstappointment of a toll on highways of which we read, took placein 1346. See Road .

TOLLAND, a hilly and rocky county of Connecticut ;bounded on the N. by Massachusetts ; E. and S. E. by Windhamcounty ; S. by New London, and W. by Hartford counties.

Tolland, the capital of the above county, 18 miles N. E. byE. of Hartford, and 242 from Philadelphia .

TOLNA, or TO LNI A, a town of Hungary , and capital of acounty so named, 30 miles N. E. of Ziget, 50 S. of Buda, and8 S. W. of Colocza. Lon. 19. 28. E. Lat. 46. 33. N.

TOLNANI, a town of Hindoostan, in Baglana; 70 milesW. of Burhanpotir, and 124 E. of Surat . Lon. 75. 3. E. Lat.21. 15. N.

TO LOS A, in ancient geography, a town of Gallia Narbo-nensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus . It isnow called Toulouse .

Tolqsa, or Toloza, in modern geography, a city of Spain ,the capital of the province of Guipuscoa . Lou. 2. 5. W.Eat. 43. 10. N.

TOLU, a sea-port-town of Terra Firma in Carthagena ; seatedon a ba\ ; 60 miles S. of Carthagena. Lon. 72. 55. W. Lat. 9.40. N.

TOLU1FERA, Balsam of Tolu Tree; a genus of thedecandria monogynia class and order. Calyx five-toothed, bell-shaped ; petals five, obcordate; style none. It has but onespecies, viz.

T. Balsamum. This tree grows to a considerable height; itsends off numerous large branches, and is covered with rough,Click, grejish bark; the leaves are elliptical or ovate, entire,Pointed, alternate, of a light green colour, and stand upon shortstrong footstalks: the flowers are numerous, and produced in late-ral racemi : the calvx is bell-shaped, divided at the brim into fiveteeth, which are nearly equal, but one is projected to a greaterdistance than the others. 1 he balsam is obtained by making in-cisions in the bark of the tree, and is collected into spoons, whichare made of black wax, from which it is poured into properyesseU. This balsam is of a reddish yellow colour, transparent,in consistence thick and tenacious ; by age it grows so hard andbrittle, that it may be rubbed into a powder between the fingerand thumb. Its smell is extremely fragrant, somewhat resemblingthat of lemons; its taste is warm and sweetislr, and on being chewed•t adheres to the teeth. Thrown into the fire it immediatelyI’qtiefies, takes flame, and disperses its agreeable odour. Thoughd does not dissolve in water, yet if boiled in it tor two or three"ours in a covered ves-el, the water receives its odoriferous smell;J?®ter also suffers a similar impregnation from the balsam by dis-‘•llalton. With tire assistance of mucilage it unites with water, soas to form a milky solution. It disolves entirely in spirit of wine,easily mixes with distilled oils, but less easily with expressed°>!«. Distilled without addition, it produces not only an empy-r ®0niatic oil, of a pale dark colour, hut sometimes a small portion

a saline matter, similar to that of the flowers of benzoin. This-Slsam ma c-tmo minpral virtues with the balsam of

r ,.-am possesses tire same general^flead, aHt i (hut of Peru.

> TOMAHAWK, a weapon much used by the North American "'uians in their savage wars with each other, and with which they0 a great deal of bloody execution.

. f OMB includes both tire grave or sepulchre wherein a defunctinterred, and the monument erected to preserve his memory.Y 16 word is formed from tire Greek tumulus, a sepul-

. hre 1 or, according to Menage, from the Latin tumba, whichSSufies the same. In many nations it has been customary to burnbodies of the dead ; and to collect the ashes with pious care' to an urn, which was deposited in a tomb or sepulchre. Among.natty nations it lias also been the practice to lay the dead bodyc a tom h, without consuming it, after having wrapped it up de-j and sometimes placing it in a coffin. The tombs of the

ws were generally hollow places hewn out of a rock. The»OL. iv.— no. 208 .

Egyptians also buried their dead in caves, called catacombs. SeeCatacomb . The pyramids, as some think, were also employedfor tire same purpose. Sometimes also, after embalming theirdead, they placed them in nitches in some magnificent apartmentin their houses. A tomb of the Persians is a circular building,open at top, about 55 feet diameter, and 25 feet in height, tiliedto within live feet of the top, excepting a well of 15 leet dia-meter in the centre. The part so tilled is terraced, with a slightdeclivity toward the well. Two circular grooves three inchesdeep are raised round the well ; the first at the distance of four,tlie second at ten, feet from the well. Grooves of the like depthor height, and four feet distant from each other at the outer partof the outer circle, are carried straight from the wall to the well,cotnmun eating with the circular ones, for the purpose of carry-ing off the water, .tc. The tomb is thus divided into three cir-cles of partitions ; the outer, about 7 feet by 4 ; the middle, 6 by-St the inner, 4 by 2; the outer for the men, the middle fortliewomen, the inner for the children; in which the bodies are re-spectively placed, wrapped loosely in a piece of doth, and leftto be devoured by the vultures; which is very soon done. Thefriends of the deceased come at the proper time, and throw thehones into the well. The entrance is closed by an iron door, fourfeet square, on the eastern side, as high up as the terrace, towhich a road is raised. Upon the wall, above the door, an addi-tional wall is raised, to prevent people from looking into the tombw hich the Persees are particularly careful to prevent. A Persian inscription is on a stone inserted over the door. F rom the bottomoftiiewall subterraneous passages lead to receive the bones, &c.and prevent the well from filling. Of the ancient sepulchresfound in Russia and Siberia , some are perfect tumuli, raised to anenormous height, while others are almost level with the ground.Some of them are encompassed with a square wall of large quarry-stones placed in an erect position; others are covered only with asmall heap of stones, or they are tumuli adorned with stones atlop. Some are mured with hi ink within, and vaulted over;others are no more than pits or common graves. In some theearth is excavated several fathoms deep; others, and especiallythose which are topped by a lofty tumulus, are only dug of asufficient depth for covering the carcase. Urns are never metwith here. But sometimes what remained of tiie bodies after thecombustion, and even whole carcases, are found wrapped up inthin plates of gold. The Moors, hold it an irreverent thing tobury their dead in mosques. The burial-grounds of all Moham-medans are mostly without the city, and they inter the dead atthe hour set apart for prayer. Their tombs are exceedingly sim-ple, and have no pretensions to architectural elegance. Amongtlie northern nations it was customary to bury their dead underheaps of stones called cairns, or under barrows. The inhabitantsof Tibet , it is said, neither bury nor burn their dead, but exposethem on the tops of the mountains.

TOMBEC, a town of tlie Netherlands , in the province ofAustrian Brabant : 8 miles S. of Louvain , and 10 E. of Brussels.Lon. 4. 49. E. Lat. 50. 45. N.

TOMBUCTOO, or BOMBUCTOU, a large city in NorthAfrica , and capital of a kingdom so named. Lon. 1. 33. E. Lat.16.30. N.

TOMEBAMBA, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito ;120 miles S. of Quito . Loti. 77. 50. E. Lat. 4. 16. S.

TOM EX, in botany, a genus of plants, of the class telrandria,and in the order of monogynia; natural order, Dumos*. Theyhave flowers tetrapetalous and complete, having both calyx andcorolla.

TOMPION, a sort of bung or cork used to stop the mouth ofa cannon. At sea this is carefully encircled with tallow or putty,to prevent the penetration of the water into tlie bore, whereby thepowder contained in the chamber might he damaged or renderedunfit for service.

Tompion, Thomas, an English watchmaker of extraoidinarymerit, who flourished at London, in the 17th century.

TOMSK, a city of Siberia, or Russian Tartary, in Tobolskof,168 miles N. N. E. of Kolivan. Lon. 84. 59. E. Lat. 55.45. N.

TONDEREN, or TONDERN, an ancient town of Den-mark , in the duchy of Sieswick, 22 miles S. of Ripen, and 37N. W. of Sieswick. Lon. 9. 40. E. Lat. 54.58. N.

9E TON-