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Alumina. 63
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It is found in veins that traverse primitive rocks, accompaniedby fluor-spar, tin-ore, and arsenical pyrites.
TOPIC, in rhetoric, denotes a probable argument, drawn fromthe several circumstances of a fact, &c. Hence the art of findingand managing such arguments is called bv the ancients topica.
TOPICS, or TOPICAL MEDICINES, are the same withe xlernal ones, or those applied outwardly to some diseased andPainful part: such are plasters, cataplasms, unguents, &c.
TOl’LADY, Augustus Montague , M. A. a late celebratedEnglish divme, born at Farnham in Surry , in 1737 ; and edu-cated at Westminster and Dublin . He became vicar of Broad-hembury, Devonshire; but removed to London , for health, wherehe died in 1778. He wrote “ Historic Proof of the DoctrinalCalvinism of the Church of England ;” and other works; in 6
Vols. 8 vo.
TOP-MAST, the second division of a mast, or that part whichstands between the tipper and lower pieces.
TOPOGRAPHY, and a description or draught
of some particular place, or small tract of land, as that of a cityor town, manor or tenement, field, garden, house, castle, &c.such as surveyors set out in their plots, or make draughts of, forthe information and satisfaction of the proprietors.
TOP-SAILS, certain large sails extended across the top-masts bythe topsail-yard above, and by the yard attached to the lower-mastbeneath; being fastened to the former by robands, and to thelatter by means of two great blocks fixed on its extremities,through which the top-sail-sheets are inserted, passing from thenceto two other blocks fixed on the inner part of the yard close by the•Bast; and from these latter the sheets lead downwards to the deck,
Where they may be slackened or extended at pleasure.
TOPSHAM, a town ot England, in Devonshire , 5 miles S. E.of Exeter . Lon. 3. 26. W. Lift. 30. 39. N.
TORDV LIUM, Hart Wort; in botany, a genus of plantsbelonging to the class pentandria, and order digynia; natu-ral order, Umbellat*. Conflicts radiated, hermaphrodite; fruitroundish, crenated on the margin ; involucra long and undivided.There are 7 species.
TORELLl, Joseph, was born at Verona in 1721. He re-vived the degree of EL. D. Being in possession ol a considera-ble fortune, he was enabled to devote himself entirely to literature.Though he did not practise as a lawyer, he did not relinquish thestudy of law. He acquired the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Ita-lian languages; also French, Spanish, and English . In fact hisac quirem nts in every branch of learning and sciences were onlyfailed by his virtues. He died in 1781. He was author of 20different works on various subjects.
TORFiEUS, Thermodus, a native of Iceland , of consider-ate learning and abilities, born in 1639. He became historio-S* a phcr to the king of Denmark . He wrote, “The History of■Norway containing also the “ Annals of the NorthernPwts of Scotland, ” from the year 850 to 1205. He died in 1720,a ged 8i.
r, lORiES, a political faction in Britain , opposed to the Whigs.
bis name was first given to a set of banditti in Ireland , whoseJbninoiis to surrender was expressed by the Irish word Toree, >. e.j he me. |t W as thence transferred to the adheients of Charles by his enemies, under the pretence that he favoured the rebelsa It eland. His partisans, to be even with the republicans, gave
tern ti,- .~ 0 f Whigs, from a word which signifies whey, in
ear poor fare. The Tories, or cavaliers, as they
r1 tfie nameer >siori of th
also called, bad then principally in view the political intereiL 3r ‘ l ‘ie king, the crown, and the church of England ; and thebttnd heads, or Whigs, proposed chiefly the maintaining of the. ghts and interests of the people, and of Protestantism . Thispopular account; and yet it is certain the name WhigOf 1-- ly " ere but known nil about the middle of the reign* ** n g Charles II . M. de Cize relates, that it was in the year
1678 that the whole nation was first observed to be divided intoWhigs and Tories, and that on occasion of the famous depositionof Titus Oates, who accused the Catholics of having conspiredagainst the king and the state, the appellation of Whig was givento such as believed the plot real; and Tory to those who held itfictitious.
TOllIGNA, a town of France , in the department of theChannel, and province of Normandy . Lon. 0. 42. E. Lat.49. 0. N.
TORENIA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia angoisper*-mia class and order. Natural order, Personate. Calyx two*lipped, upper lip three-cusped ; filaments, the lower with a sterilebranchlet; capsule two-celled. There are three species.
TORMENTILLA, Tormentil; in botany, a genus ofplants of the class icosandria, and order poiygvnia ; natural order,Senticoste. Calyx octofid; petals four; seeds round, naked,affixed to a juiceless receptacle. There are two species; bothindigenous.
TORNADO, a sudden and vehement gust of wind from allpoints of the compass, frequent on the coast of Guinea.
TORNE, or TORNEA, a sea-port-town of Sweden , on anisland and in the mouth of a river so named, near the Gulf ofBothnia . Lon 24. 17. E. Lat. 65. 31. N.
TORNOVA, a town of European Turkey , in Janua, 12 miles-N. W. of Latissa. Lon. 12. 36. E. Lat. 59. 52. N.
TORPEDO, the Cramp-Fish. See Raja.
rORREFAC I ION, in chemistry and metallurgy, is theroasting or scorching of a body by fire, to discharge a "part eithecunnecessnry or hurtful in another operation. Sulphur and mostmetals are tints discharged from their ores before they arewrought. See Metallurgy .
TORRICELLI, Evangeliste, an illustrious Italian mathe-matician and philosopher, born at Faenza in 1608. He studiedunder father Benedict Castelli, professor of mathematics at Rome .Having read Galileo ’s dialogues, he composed a treatise on mo-tion, on his principles, which brought him acquainted with Galileo ,who took him home as an assistant; but Galileo died in three-months after. He became professor of mathematics at Florence*,and greatly improved the art of making telescopes and micro-scopes: but he is best known for finding out a method of ascer-taining the weight of the atmosphere by quicksilver: the baro*-meter being called, from him, the Torricellian Tube. He pub-lished “ Opera Geometries,” 4to. 1644; and died in 1647.
TORRICELLIAN EXPERIMENT', a famous experimentmade by Torricelli , by which he demonstrated the pressure of theatmosphere, in opposition to the doctrines of suction, &c, findingthat pressure able to support only a certain length of mercury, or-any other fluid, in an inverted glass-tube. See Barometer.
TORRID ZONE , in geography, is that part of our Globe ofEarth , which lies between the two Temperate Zones, or theI ropics of Cancer and Capricorn ; and is so called from the ex-cessive heat of the climate; the inhabitants having the sun ver-tical to them twice a-year; notwithstanding which, there are somehigh mountains in this zone, whose tops are always covered withsnow. The torrid zone extends quite around the globe, and com-prehends a space of 47° of Lat. See Geography.
TORRIGIA, or TORRIGLIA, a town of Genoa, 15 miles..N. N. E. of Genoa. Lon. 8. 4. E. Lat. 44.34. N.
TORR1NGTON, a town of England, in Devonshire , 11 milesS. W. of Barnstaple, and 194 VV. S. W. of London . Lon. 4. 0.VV. Lat. 51. 4. N.
TORTOISE, in zoology See Testudo.
TOR TON A, a lown of Italy , in the department of Olona,and Milanese: 23 miles S. E. of Casal and 27 S. W. of Milan .Lot). 8. 58. E. Lat. 45.8. N.
TORTOSA, a large city of Spain, in Catalonia , 35 milesS. \V. of Tarragona, and ISO E. ot Madrid . Lon. 0. 35. E.Lat. 40. 33. N.
TORTUGA, an island on the N. coast of Hispaniola , about80 miles in circumference. Lon. 74. 10. VV. Lat. 20. 10. N.
Tortuga, an uninnabited island of South America , near thecoast of Terra Firms. Lon, 64. 50. \V. Lat. \ 1. 30. N.
TORUS, in archit< c tore. See Architecture.
TOTNESS, a borough of Devonshire , 27 miles S. W. ofExeter, and 196 VV. by S. of London . Lon. 3.44. W.Lat. 50.24.N.
TOUARS,