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TRANSPOSITION, in algebra, tlie bringing any term of anequation over to the other side. See Algebra .

Transposition, in grammar, a disturbing or dislocating thewords of a discourse, or a changing their natural order of con-struction, to please the ear by rendering the contexture moresmooth, easy, and harmonious.

TRANSUBSTANT1ATION, in theology, is the conversionor change of the substance of the bread and wine in the cucharist,into the body and blood of Jesus Christ ; which the Romishchurch suppose to be wrought by the consecration of the priest.It is known to all our readers that this doctrine of transubstantia-tion was one cause of the breach between the church of Rome andthose various societies which call themselves reformed churches.

T R A N S Y' E R S A LIS, in anatomy, a name given to severalmuscles. See Anatomy.

TRANSVERSE, that goes across another from corner tocorner: thus bends and bars in heraldry are transverse piecesor bearings; the diagonals of a parallelogram or a square aretransverse lines.

TRANSYLVANIA, a province of Europe, annexed to Hun-gary, and bounded on the N. by Upper Ilungarv and Poland , onthe E. by Moldavia and Walachia , on the S. by SValachia, and onthe V . by Upper and Lower Hungary. It is surrounded on allparts by high mountains, which, however, are not barren. Theinhabitants have as much corn and wine as they want themselves;and there are licit mines of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilvet,and alum. The inhabitants are of all religions. It is about 162miles iu length, and 150 in breadth. It is divided into severalsmall districts, called palatinates, and counties; and is inhabitedbv three different nations, Saxons, Sicilians, and Hungarians .ii ermanstadt is the capita!.

TRAP, in mineralogy, is a Swedish term signifying stair. Itwas first applied to designate a certain class of mountains, com-posed of nearly horizontal strata, with perpendicular breaks, whichwere supposed to give a rude resemblance to a flight of stairs.Hence many species of rock, differing very much from eachother, were called by the same name, which caused much confu-sion. According to Werner, there are three distinct classes orformations of rocks to which the term trap may be applied: ofthese the first class belongs to the primitive mountains, the secondto the transition mountains, and the third to the secondary moun-tains, Primitive traps are composed essentially of hornblende,mingled w itb felspar, and sometimes with pyrites and mica. Tran-sition traps are composed principally of granular grunstein, butthe niixtme of the ingredients is more intimate, the grain is finer,and the mass appears more homogeneous. Secondary or floetztraps are divided into those which are peculiar and characteristicof it, and those which are accidental. The former are basalt, por-phyry, Ac. Among the latter may be classed rubble and sand-stone, clay, coal, and bituminous wood.

TRAPA, Water-Caltrops ; in bolany, a genus of the tetran-dria monogynia class and order. Calyx four-parted ; corolla four-pelalcd ; nut girt with four opposite spines, which were the leavesof the calyx. There are two species, viz. T. natans, four-hornedwater-caltrops; and T. bicornis, two-horned water-caltrops.

TRAPANI, a town of Sicily, 43 miles W. S. W. of Palermo ,and 72 N. W, of Girgenti . Lon. 12. 20. E. Lat. 38. 10. N.

TRAPEZIUM, in geometry, a plain figure contained underfour unequal right lines.

TRAPEZIUS, a muscle. See Anatomy.

'I RAPEZOID, [Tpurr^mv and ni®-,] an irregular figure, whosefour sides are not parallel.

TRAU, THAW, or TR AO, a county of Maritime Austria, inDa'nutia, E. of Sebenico , 22 miles long, 27 broad, and, on thecontinent, 100 in circumference.

Tkau, or Tkaw, the capital of the above county, ancientlycalled Tragurium , 12 miles W. of Spalatro. Lon. 17. 52. E.Lat. 44. 0. N.

TRAVANCORE, a province of Hindoostan, extending alongihe coast of Malabar, from Cape Comorin to Lat. 10. 15. N.

'I ravancore, a city of Hindoostan, 108 miles S. S. W. ofMadras, and 254 S. of Seringapatam . Lon. 77. 14. E. Lat. S.22. N.

TRAVF.MUNDE. or TRAVEMUNDEN , a sea-port townof Holstein, at the mouth of the Trave , It has a fort with 40 guns,

and a garrison of 50 men. It is 8 miles N. E. of Lubeck . Lon.10. 55. E. Lat. 54. 1. N.

TRAVERSE, in navigation, implies a compound course, oran assemblage of various courses, lying at different angles with themeridian- See Navigation.

Traverse, in gunnery, is the turning a piece of ordnanceabout, as upon a centre, to make it point in any particular direc-tion.

Traverse, in fortification, denotes a trench with a little para-pet, sometimes two, one on eacli side, to serve as a cover from theenemy that might come in flank.

Traverse, in a wet foss, is a sort of gallery, made by throwingsaucissons, joists, fascines, stones, earth, See. into the foss, oppo-site the place where the miner is to be put, in order to fill up theditch, and make a passage over it.

Traverse also denotes a wall of earth, or stone, raised across awork, to stop the shot from rolling along it.

Traverse also sometimes signifies any retrenchment, or line,fortified with fascines, barrels, or hags of earth, or gabions.

Traverse Bay, a b..y on the E. side of Lake Michigan , in theNorlh-Western Terrilory.

Traverse Board, a thin circular piece of board, marked withall the points of the compass, and having eight holes bored in each,and eight .small peg- hanging from lb ■ centre of the board. It isused to determine the different courses run Liya ship during theperiod of the watch, and to ascertain the distance of each course.

TRAl’NSTEIN, a town of Upper Bavaria , on the Traun, 18miles W of Sanzbnrg, and 22 E. S. E. of Wassenting. Lon.la. 49. K. Lai. 47. 51. N.

TRAYAGUERA, or TRAYGUERA, a town of Spain , inValencia, 80 miles N. E. of Valencia , and 23 or 30 S. W. of Tor-tosa. Lon. 0. 30. Ii. Lat. 40. 26. N.

TREASON, a general appellation, made use of-by the law, todenote not only offences against the king and government, butalso that accumulation of guilt which arises whenever a superior re-poses a confidence in a subject or inferior, between whom andhimself there subsists a natural, a civil, or even a spiritual, rela-tion ; and the inferior so abuses that confidence, so forgets the ob-ligations of duty, subjection, and allegiance, as to destroy the lifeof any such superior or lord. Hence treason is of twokinds, highand petty.

I. Treason, High, or Treason Paramount, ( which is equi-valent to the crimen Isesa: majestatis of the Romans,) is an offencecommitted against the security of the king or kingdom, whetherby imagination, word, or deed. The stat. 25 Edw. III. c. 2, de-fines what offences should be held to be treason; and it compre-hends all kinds of high treason under seven branches.

II . Treason,Petty, or Petit, according to the statute 25 Edw.III. c. 2, may happen three ways: by a servant killing his master,a wife her husband, or an ecclesiastical parson (either secular orregular) bis superior, to whom he owes his faith and obedience.Whatever lias been said with respect to wilful murder, is also ap-plicable to the crime of petit treason, which is no other than mur-der in its most odious degree ; except that the trial shall be incases of high treason, before the improvements therein made bythe statutes William III .

TREASURER, is an officer to whom the treasure of a princeor corporation is committed to he kept and duly disposed of, inpayment of officers and other expenses. See Treasury. Ofthese there is a great variety.

Treasurer, Lord High, of Great Britain , or first com-missioner of the treasury, when in commission, lias under hischarge and government all the king’s revenue which is kept in theexchequer. He holds his place during the king’s pleasure ; beinginstituted by the delivery of a white staff to him. He has thecheck of all the officers employed in collecting the customs androyal revenues: and in his gift and disposition are all the offices ofthe customs in the several ports of the kingdom ; escheators inevery county are nominated by him ; he also makes leases of thelands belonging to the crown. The office of lord treasurer is nowin commission.

Treasurer of tiif. County, he that keeps the county-stock.There are two of them in each county in England, chosen by themajor part of the justices of the peace, &c. at their general quar-ter-session ; under previous security given lor the money intrusted

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