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TURRITIS, Tower-Mustard, or Wall-cress ; in botany,a genus of plants of the class telradynamia, and order siliquosa;natural order, Siliquosa:. Siliqua very long, angulated ; calyxcomment, erect; corolla erect. There are eight species.TURTLE , in ichthyology. See Testudo.

Turtle Dove, in ornithology. See Columba.

Turtle Point, a cape on the coast of West Florida, on theGulf of Mexico . Lon. 89- 4. W. Lat. 29. 54. N.

TURUCHANSK, a town of Russia , in Tobolskoi, on the Eui-s ei, formerly called Mangasea; 1800 miles E. N. E. of Petersburg.

TUSCAN ORDER , in architecture, the first, simplest, andmost massive, of the five orders. See Architecture.

Tuscan Sea, that part of the Mediterranean which washes thecoast of Etruria, or Tuscany .

TUSCANY, a duchy of Italy , which makes part of the an-ient Etruria , excepting some small detached parts, is encom-passed by a part of the Mediterranean, called the Tuscan sea ; theecclesiastical state, the department of Panaro, and the republic ofGucca; its extent from N. to S. being about 116 English miles,am| about 80 from E. to W. Though some parts of it are moun-tainous, yet both the hills and dales are covered with vines, olives,c| tron, lemon, orange-trees, &c. The mountains yield also cop*P er , iron, alums, &c. and some quarries of the finest marble andporphyry. Here are also plenty of corn, rice, saffron, honey, wax,wool, flax, hemp, with mineral-waters, rich pasture, salt-pits, sul-phur, alabaster, chalcedony, lapis lazuli, borax, amethysts, corne-hans, jaspers, quicksilver, crystals, and black slate.

TUSSILAGO , Colt’s-foot; in botany, a genus of plants intne class syngenesia, and order polygarnia superflua ; natural or-Composit*. Receptacle naked ; pappus simple ; scales ofthe calyx equal, of the same height as the disk, somewhat mem-branaceous. There are fourteen species.

F. Farfara, or Common Colt’s-foot, grows plentifully onthe banks of rivulets, or in moist and clayey soils, in England andScotland . The leaves are smoked in the manner of tobacco, anda syrup or decoction of them and the flowers stand recommendedand other disorders of the breast and lungs,i (iixT r ’ a town in Staffordshire , 15 miles E. of Stafford,an Hnrr™ E -' °. Lo,u °, n ‘ Lon. 1. 40. W. Lat. 53. 0. N.

t U , "i n e C1V1 1 <v'T’ 1S , one chosen t0 look to the personsand estate of children, left by their fathers and mothers in theirminority.

Tutor is also used in the English universities for a member ofsome college or hall, who takes on him the instructing of youngstudents in the arts and faculties. 8

TUTTY, an argillaceous ore of zinc, found in Persia , formedon cylindrical moulds into tubulous pieces, like the bark of a tree,and baked to a moderate hardness; generally of a brownish co-lour, and full of small protuberances on the outside, smooth andyellowish within, sometimes whitish, and sometimes with a bluishcast.

TUTURA, a town of Russia , in the government of Irknfskoi,situated on the Eena, 160 miles N. of Irkutsk . Lon. 105. 40. E.Gat. 54. 40. N.

TUXFORD, a town in Nottinghamshire , 13 miles N. N. W.of Newark, and 137 N. by W. of London . Lon. 0. 50. W.L at. 53. 16. N.

tweed, a |ar»e river of Scotland , which rises in the parishof Tweedsmuir, near the point where the comities of Peebles,Dumfries , and Lanark, meet. It runs nearly N. E. receivingmany rivulets, till it reaches Peebles, when running nearly E. itsstream is augmented by those of the Etlerick near Selkiik, theGala at Galashiels, the'Leader near Melrose, and the Teviot atNelso. For many miles it forms the boundary between Englanda»d Scotland , until it falls into the German ocean at Berwick uponJ weed.

f TWELFTH DAY, the festival of the Epiphany , or the mani-mstation of Christ to the Gentiles; so called, as being the twelfthcla .y, exclusive, from the nativity, or Christmas-day.

1 WlLIGHT, is that light, whether in the morning before sun-, e ’ or in the evening after snn-set, supposed to begin and end,' le n the least stars that can be seen by the naked eye cease orohf 111 a PP ear > represented in Plate CLXXIIf. fig. 2, by thatt|, Cllre Part comprehended between HO and AB, which is nei-er dark n 0r light. This is the twilight, the line AB being 18°

below the horizon HO ; and during the time the sun passes fromHO to AB, in the parallel of any day, his rays are partly refractedby the atmosphere, and so we have some faint light till he gets be-low the limit AB, when we are left in total darkness. Or is ittwilight, while the sun is passing from X to R, from Y to S, andfrom Z to M, on the days the sun describes the parallels TR,iEQ, and VW . See Astronomy.

TWINKLING OF THE STARS. See Optics.TYCOKZYN, a town of the late Poland , in Polachia, 22 milesN. W. of Bielsk . Lon. 23. 40. E. Lat. 53. 0. N.

TYGER, in zoology. See Felis.

TYGERS POINT, a cape of Asia , on the S. W. coast of Ava,at the mouth of the Persian Gulf . Lon. 94. 45. E. Lat. 15.50. N.

TYLE, or TILE, in building, a sort of thin laminated brickused on the roofs of houses.

TYMPAN, among printers, a double frame belonging to thepress, covered w ith parchment, on which the blank sheets are laidin order to be printed off. See Printing.

TYMPANITES, (Vv^MraviTiir,] that particular sort of dropsythat swells the belly up like a drum, and is often cured by tapping.

TYMPANUM, in mechanics, a kind of wheel placed roundan axis or cylindrical beam, on the top of which are two leversor fixed staves for the more easily turning the axis in order toraise a weight required.

Tympanum , in anatomy. See Anatomy.

TYNDALE, William, a zealous English reformer, and me-morable for having made the first English version of the Bible ,was born on the borders of Wales before 1500. He was first ofMagdalen Hall in Oxford. Afterwards lie removed to Cam-bridge, and thence went to live with a gentleman in Gloucester-shire as tutor to his children. There he shewed himself so furiousfor Luther, that he was forced to leave the place. He then wentto Germany where he translated the New Testament and the Pen-tateuch. These being sent to England, made a great noise there ;and the clergy procured a royal proclamation prohibiting thebuying or reading such translation or translations. But the clergynot satisfied with this, sent one Philips to insinuate himself into hiscompany, and under the pretext of friendship betray him into cus-'tody. He was sent to the castle of Filford , about 18 miles fromAntwerp ; and though the English merchants at Antwerp did whatthey could to procure his release, and letters were also sent fromlord Cromwell and others out of England, yet Philips bestirredhimself so heartily, that he was tried and condemned to die. Fiewas first strangled by the hangman, and then burned near Filford castle, in 1536. While he was tying to the stake, he cried with aloud voice, '• Lord, open the king of England’s eyes.”

TYNE, a river of England, in Northumberland , formed bythe junction of two rivers called N. and S. Tyne.

TYPE, ffuTror,] i n theology, an impression, image, or repre-sentation, of some model, which is termed the antitype.

Type, in medicine, is used to denote the order observed in theintension and remission of fevers, pulses, &c.

TYPFIA, Cat ’s-Tail, or Reed-mace ; in botany, a genus ofplants belonging to the class monoecia, and order triandria ; naturalorder, Calamaris. Male, ament cylindrical ; calyx indistinct,three-leaved; corolla none ; female, anient cylindrical, below themales; calyx a villose hair ; corolla none; seed one, placed on acapillary down. There are two species, viz. T. latifolia, greatcat’s-tail, or reed-mace; and T. angustifolia, narrow-leaved cat’s-tail.

TYPHCEUS, in the Grecian mythology, a monstrous giant,the son of Tartarus and Terra ; who had 100 heads like those of adragon ; flames of fire came from his mouth, and he uttered themost infernal yells.

TYPOGRAPHY , [ typographia , Lat.] the art of printing. SeePrinting.

TYRANT, [tomsvv©-,] a in on g the ancients, denoted simply aking or monarch ; but the ill use which many invested with thatcharacter made of it, has altered the import ot the word ; and ty-rant now carries with it the idea of an unjust or cruel prince, whoinvades the people’s liberty, and rules in a more despotic mannerthan the laws of nature or of the country allow.

TYRE, a celebrated ancient city of Asia, on the coast of Syria .

It was built, according to some writers, 2760 years before the

Christian