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and violent committing any crime or trespass; but on appeal ofdeath, on killing with a weapon, the words vi et armis are notnecessary, because they are implied ; so in an indictment of forci-ble entry alledged to have been made tnanu forli, ?<c.

VIEW, in law, signifies the particular act of viewers ; as wherea real action is brought, and the tenant does not certainly knowwhat land it is the defendant requires ; then he may pray that thejury may view the same, that is to say, see the land that isclaimed. But it is held, that in all cases of viewing, the thing incontroversy is only to be shewn to the jurors, and no evidencecan be given relating to it on either side; and here if waste bealledged to be done in every room of a house, the view of thebouse generally is sufficient.

VIGIL, in church-history, is the eve or next day before anysolemn feast: because then Christians were wont to watch, fast,and pray, in their churches.

Vigils op Plants, a term under which botanists comprehendthe precise time of the day in which the flowers of different plantsopen, expand, and shut. All plants which flower the same day,in the same place, do not open and shut precisely at the samehour. Some open in the morning, as the lip flowers, and com-pound flowers with flat spreading petals; others at noon, as themallows; and the third set in the evening, or after sun-set, assome geraniums and opuntias: the hour of shutting is equally de-termined. Of thoSe which open in the morning, some shut soonafter, while others remain expanded till night. The hours o(opening, like the time of flowering, seem to vary, according tothe species of the plant, the temperature of the climate, and thatof the season.

VIGO, a sea-port-town of Spain, in Galicia . Lon. 8. 21. W.Lat. 42. 3. N.

VILLA VICIOSA, a large town of Portugal, in Alentejo ,83 miles S. E. of Lisbon . Lon. 7. 16. W. Lat. 38, 36. N.

VILLAIN, or VILLEIN, in our ancient customs, denotes aman of servile or base condition, viz a bond-man or servant.

VILLE FRANCHE, a town in 'he department of the EasternPyrenees on the Tet, 300 miles S. of Paris . Lon. 2. 25. E. Lat.42. 25. N.

VILLENAGE, in law. The folk-land or estates held in vil-lenage, was a species of tenure not strictly feodal, Norman, orSaxon ; but mixed and compounded of them all ; and which also,on account of the heriots that usually attend it, may seem to havesomewhat Danish in its composition. Under the Saxon Govern-ment there were, as Sir William Temple speaks, a sort of peoplein a condition of downright servitude, used and employed in themost servile works, and belonging both they, their children, andeffects, to the lord of the soil, like the rest of the cattle or stockupon it. These seem to have been those who held what was calledthe folk-land, from which they were removeable at the lord’spleasure. On the arrival of the Normans here, it seems not im-probable, that they, who were strangers to any other than a feodalstate, might give some sparks of enfranchisement to such wretchedpersons as fell to their share, by admitting them, as well as others,to the oath of fealty; which conferred a right of protection, andraised the tenant to a kind of estate superior to downright slavery,but inferior to every other condition. This they called villenage,and the tenants villeins. These villeins, belonging principallyto the lords of manors, were either villeins regardant, that is, an-nexed to the manor or land; or else they were in gross, or at largethat is, annexed to the person of the lord, and transferable by deedfrom one owner to another. They could not leave their lord with-out his permission ; but if they ran away, or were purloined fromhim, might he claimed and recovered by action, like beasts orother chattels.

VILLIERS , George, D. of Buckingham, was born atBrookesby, 1592. lie became a very great favourite of James I. who advanced him to bis dignity of duke, and made him a knight ofthe garter, lord high admiral, and master of the horse, and gavehim the disposal of all places in church and stale. lie retainedthe same place in the favour of Charles I. but the people delcstcdhim. He took the command of an expedition tor the relief ofRochelle, instead of which lie made a descent on the isle of Illie,and lost the greater part of his troops. A new expedition wasplanned, but he was stabbed by a lieut, Felton, when at Portsmouthready to embark, 23d Aug. 1628.

VlLVORDE, a town of the Netherlands, in Austrian Brabant ;seated on the river Senne ; seven miles N. E. of Brussels . Lon.4. 31. E. Lat. 50. 56. N.

VINCA, Periwinkle; in botany, a genus of the pentandriamonogynia class and order. Natural older, Contorts. Contorted ;follicles two, erect; seeds naked. There are five species.

VINCENT, St. 0115 of the Cape de Verd islands. It is un-inhabited, but on the N. VV. side is a bay where ships find wood,water, and turtle. There is plenty of'saltpetre.

Vincent, St. the most southernly captainship of Brazil . Lon.45. 10. W. Lat. 23. 40. S.

Vincent, St. a town on the coast of Brazil ih Amiaz island, inthe bay of All Saints. Lon. 46. 30. VV. Lat. 24. 15. S.

Vincent, St. one of the windward Caribhee island. It lies be-tween Lon. 61.10. and 61. 18. VV. and between Lat. 13. 5. and13. 19. N. about 60 miles VV. of Barbadoes .

Vincent, Thomas, a divine who continued to preach regularlyduring the plague. He died in 1671. He wrote “ God’s terri-ble Voice in the City by Plague and Fire.”

VINCI, Leonard, Da, was born in the castle of Vinci nearFlorence in 1445. Verochio was his master , whom lie soon ex-celled, as he did all the painters of his time. At Milan he foundedhis celebrated school of painting. He was also an excellent archi-tect , and constructed the famous aqueduct which supplies Milanwith water. From that place be went to Florence, where helaboured, with Michael Angelo , in ornamenting the grand council-chamber. At the invitation of Francis I. he visited the French court, where he died in the arms of that monarch, in 1520. Hecomposed a great number of .discourses on curious subjects; butnone of them was published but his treatise on the Art of Painting .

VINCULUM, in algebra, a mark or character, either drawnover, or including, or some other way accompanying, a factor,divisor, dividend, &c. when it is compounded of several letters,quantities, or terms, to connect them together as one quantity, andshew that they are to be multiplied, or divided, &c. together.Vieta first used the bar or line over the quantities, fora vinculum,

thus «+&; anil Albert Girard the parenthesis, thus (a-\-b ;) theformer way being now chiefly us ed by the English , and the latterby most other Europeans. Thus a-\-b x c, or ( \a-\-l ) x c, denotestlie product of c and the sum a-\-b considered as one quantity.See Algebra .

VINE, in botany. See Vitis.

VINEGAR, an agreeable, pungent acid, which is obtained by aparticular process from wine cyder, beer, or other fermented liquors.Wine-Vinegar Let any quantity of vinous liquor lie mixedwith its own ices or feces, or with the acid and austere stalks of thevegetable from which wine was prepared. The whole must befrequently stirred, and either exposed to the sun, or deposited in awarm place : after standing a few days, it will ferment, becomesour, and in a fortnight it will be converted into vinegar. Suchis the usual manner of producing this acid ; which is frequentlyrectified by distillation, when it is known under the name of dis-tilled vinegar. Cyder-vinegar, may be made by fermenting new cy-der with the must of apples, in a warm room, or in the open air, whereit should be exposed to the sun; and, in thecourse ofa week or 9days,it will be lit for use. Another method of preparing vinegar, is thatpublished by M. Ilebet: it consists in exposing a mixture of 72parts of water, and four of rectified malt-spirit, in a temperature offrom 70 to 80° of Fahrenheit, for about two months; at the expi-ration of which the acetous process will be completed. A cheaper,though more tedious mode, is that of dissolving 2ibs. of molassesin nine quarts of boiling water; this solution must be poured intoa vessel containing a large quantity of cowslips; and, when themixture becomes cool, a gill of yeast should be added. The wholeis then to be exposed to the rays of the sun : at the end of threemonths, it may be bottled for use, and will be of peculiar servicein pickling. Tarragon-vinegar is manufactured by infusing lib. ofthe leaves of that vegetable (which have been gathered a shorttime before it flowers) in one gallon of the best vinegar, for thespace of 14 days; when it should be strained through a flannel-bag ; and a drachm of isinglass, dissolved in cyder, must then beadded; the w hole must be carefully mixed, and decanted into bottlesfora month. Thus, the liquor will acquire a most exquisite flavourit will become remarkably fine, and almost colourless. The uti-lity '