850
gaged as tutor to the son of Sir John Hartopp, Bart, at Stoke New-ington. He began to preach in 1698, and met with general ap-plause ; and after officiating for three years as an assistant to theRev. Dr. Isaac Chauncy, he succeeded him in his pastoral chargein 1702, and continued "to preside over that church as long as lielived. Though his whole income did not amount to 100/. a-year,he allotted one-third of it to the poor. lie died in 1748. IJJsnumerous works have rendered his name famous throughout Europe and America ; and they have been translated into various lan-guages. His Lyric Poems, his Psalms and Hymns , and his Di-vine "Songs for Children, arc a sufficient proof of his poetical talents,and have had an amazing sale. His Logic and Philosophy havebeen much admired. He also wrote works upon various othersubjects, and printed many sermons. After his death, his workswere collected, and published in 6 vols. 4to.
Watts, in geography, a town of the United States, in. Georgia .Lon. 86. 25. W. Lat. 34. 22. N.
WAVE, in philosophy, is a cavity in the surface of water, orother fluids, with an elevation aside thereof. The waves of thesea are of two kinds, natural and accidental. The natural wavesare those which are exactly proportioned in size to the strength ofthe wind, whose blowing gives origin to them. The accidentalwaves are those occasioned by the wind’s reacting upon itself by re-percussion from hills and mountains, or high shores, and by wash-ing of the waves themselves ; otherwise of the natural kind againstrocks anil shoals ; all these cases give the waves an elevation whichthey can never have in their natural state. See Hydrosta-tics.
WAVED, in heraldry, is said of a bordure, or any ordinary, orcharge, in a coat of arms, having its outlines indented in mannerof the rising and falling of waves: it is used to denote, that thefirst of the family in whose arms it stands, acquired its honours bysea-service.
WAVING, in the sea language, is the making signs to a vesselto come near or keep off".
WAX, a solid concrete , abounding in the vegetable kingdom,whence it is collected by bees, "file upper surface of the leaves ofmany trees is covered with a varnish, which may he separatedand obtained in a state of purity, and is found to possess all theproperties of bees’-wax ; hence it is justly inferred that wax is avegetable product, and that the bees extract it unaltered from theleaves of trees and other vegetables substances that contain it.Several plants contain wax in such abundance as to make it worthwhile to extract it from them. Mr- Lavoisier found by analysisthat wax is composed of carbon and hydrogen nearly in the pro-portion to 4l to 9. There is also a kind of wax called the myrtle-wax, which is extracted pretty largely in Louisiana , and someother parts of America , from the myrica cerifera. Another sub-stance very similar to wax is the pe la of the Chinese , the productof an insect, the exact species of which is not known; and thewhite matter which yields the laccic acid has also a strong resem-blaiue to wax. 'l ire properties which all these substances have incommon are, fusibility at a modern heat; when kindled, burningwith much flame; insolubility in water, solubility in alkalies, andalso in alcohol and ether, in these two latter properties all thespecies of wax differ from the concrete oils, with which, in otherrespects, they have a very strong resemblance.
Wax, Sealing, or \V'ax, Spanish , is a composition of gum-lac, melted and prepared with resins, atrd coloured with some suit-able pigment. There are two kinds of sealing-wax irr use ; theone hard, intended for sealing letters, and othersuch purposes; tilt:other soft, designed for receiving the impressions of seals of officeto charters, patents, and such written instruments. The best bardred sealing-wax is marie by mixing two parts of shell-lac, well pow-dered, and resin and vcrmillion, powdered, of each one part, andmelting this combined powder over a gentle fire; and when theingredients seem thoroughly incorporated, working the wax intosticks. Seed-lac may be substituted for the shell-lac: and insteadof resin, boiled Venice turpentine may be used. A coarser, bard,red sealing-wax, tnay be math* by mixing two parts of resin, and-of shell-lac, or vr rindlion and red-lead, mixed in the proportion of(me part of the vcrmillion to two of the red-lead, of each one part;and proceeding as in the former preparation. Eor a cheaper kind,the vcrmillion may be omitted, and tbe shell-lac also, for verycoarse uses. Wax of other colours is made by substituting other
colouring matters for vcrmillion, as verdiler for blue, ivory blackfor black wax.
Wax-scot, a duty anciently levied for defraying tbe expence ofwax-candles in churches.
Wax-Work, the representation of the faces, &x. of personsliving or dead ; made by applying plaster of Paris in a -kind ofpaste, and thus forming a mould containing the exact representa-tion of the features. Into this mould melted wax is poured, andthus a kind of masks are formed ; which being painted and set withglass-eyes, and tbe figures dressed in their proper habits, they bearsuch a resemblance that it is difficult to distinguish between thecopy and tbe original.
WAY, a passage or road. Sec Uoad. The "Roman ways a*'edivided into consular, pnetorian, military, and public; and of thesewe have four remarkable ones in England ; the first, Watling-street, or Watheling-street, leading from Dover lo London , Dim-stable, Towcester, Atherston, and the Se> ••rn extending as far asAnglesea in Wales . The second, called liikenild, or Ikenild-street, stretches from Southampton over the river Lis at New-bridge; thence by Camden and Lichfield ; then pa ses tile Der-went, near Derby, and ends at Timnouth. The third, calledFosse-way, because in some places it was never perfected, but liesas a large ditch, leads from Cornwall through Devonshire, by Tet-bury, near Stow in the Wolds; and besides Coventry to Leices-ter, Newark , and so to Lincoln. The fourth, called Ermmg, orErminage-street, extends from St. David’s in Wales , to South-ampton.
Way, Mii.ky. See Astronomy.
Way or a Ship, is sometimes the same as her rake, or runforward or backward : but this term'is most commonly understoodof her sailing. Thus when she goes a pace, it is said that shehas a good way, or makes a fresh way. So when an account iskept how fast she sails by the log, it is called keeping an accountof her way ; and because most ships are apt to (all a Iqtle to lee-ward of their true course, they always in casting up the log-board,allow something for her leeward way.
Way ok the Hounds, in fortification, is a space left for thepassage of the rounds between the rampart and tbe wall of a forti-fied town. This is not now much in u-e ; because tbe parapet,not being above a foot thick, is soon overthrown by the enemy’scannon.
Way-Wisf.r, an instrument otherwise called perambulator.See Perambulator.
Ways and Means, in parliamentary language, the minister’splan uf new-taxes ; otherwise called the budget.
WAY-BILL, a bill or list of passengers or parcels sentby the mail-coach, or similar conveyances, from one stage toanother.
WAYNE, a county of North Carolina , in Nevybern district;bounded on the N. by Edgcombe, E. by Pitt, S. by Glasgow ,and N. W. bv Nash counties.
WAYN ESBOROUGIi, a town of tbe state of Georgia , inBiuke county, 30 miles S. W. of Augusta . Lon. 82. 46. VV. Lat.33. 45. N.
WAYWODE, is properly a title given the governors of thechief places in tbe dominions of tbe czar of Muscovy. Tbe pala-tines, or governors of provinces in Poland , also bear tbe qualityuf waywodes, or waiwodes. The Poles likewise call tbe princesof Wallacltia and Moldavia waywodes; as esteeming them noother than on the toot of governors; pretending that Wallachia aird Moldavia are province., of Poland . Everywhere else theseare called hospodars. Du Cange savs, that the name waywode isused in Dalmatia, Croktia, and Hungary , for a general of anarmy : and Li unclavius, in Iris Pandects of Turkey, tells us itusually signifies captain or commander.
WKANINCt, is the act of gradually removing an infant fromthe breast, and habituating it to take common food. Weaning re-quires to be conducted with sfime precaution: it will, tberelore,be advisable to inure children to take proper aliment out of aboat or tea-cup, at tbe age of three or lour months ; so that theymay not too suddenly, and sensibly, feel the loss of the breast.To facilitate this change, the human milk should be occasionallywithheld from them,'while the mother or nurse may partake ofsuch aliment as tends to diminish the secretion of that salutaryfluid. Children committed to the care of wet-nurses, ought, in
prudence,