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came a celebrated preceptor in the Pythagorean school. Xeno-phanes possessed the Pythagorean chair of philosophy about 70years, and lived to the extreme age of an hundred years, that is,according to Eusebius , till the S 1st Olympiad. The doctrines ofXenophanes having been imperfectly preserved, are differently re-presented by different writers.

XENOPHON, the son of Gryllus, an illustrious philosopher,general, and historian, was born at Athens in the third year of the82d Olympiad. He became a disciple of Socrates , and made arapid progress in that moral wisdom for which his master was soeminent. He entered early on the military course, and accom-

f iSnied Cyrus in his expedition against. Artaxerxes. He immorla-jzed himself by his famous retreat after the battle of Cunaxa, atthe head of ten thousand Greeks. After his return he attachedliimself to Agesilaus king of Lacedemon , and died at Corinth BC. 360. Xenophon wrote the Cyropsdia, or Life of Cyrus theGreat , in eight books. It is a performance of great exactness, andin a chaste style. His other works are, 1. History of the Expe-dition of Cyrus the Younger , and of the celebrated Retreat of theten thousand. 2. A history of Greece, beginning where Thucy-dides ends. 3. The Memorable Sayings of Socrates. 4. AnApology for that philosopher, &c. All his works were pr.nted at(Paris in 1625, folio ; at Oxford in Greek and Latin , 5 vo-s. 8vo.1703- There' was another Xenophon who wrote the Lives otAbrocomus and Anthia. He lived at Ephesus in the fourth cen-tury.

XERANTHEMUMj Austrian Sneezewort, Eternal, orEverlasting Flower ; in botany, a genus of plants in the classsyngenesis, and order polvgamia superflua; natural order, Com-posite. Compound flower unequal, consisting of many bibuloushermaphrodite fioscules placed on the disc, and also a titw femaletubulated ones on the verge : the seeds are oblong, coronated,and contained in the cup. There arc 27 species.

XERES DE LA FRONTERA, a town of Spain, in Anda-lusia, 5 miles N. of Port St. Mary, and 110 S. by W. ot Ma-drid .

Xeres de Los Caballeros, a town of Spain , in Estreinadura, 51 miles S. W. of Merida. Lon. 6. 25. W. Lat. 38.17. N.

XERUMENHA, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo , 18 miles S.W. of Badajoz . Lon. 6. 9. W. Lat 38 35. N.

XERXES I. tlie fifth king ot Persia , memorable for the vaslarmy he is said to have carried into the field against Leonidas king of Sparta ; consisting, according to some historians, of3,000, 000 of men, exclusive of attendants. The fleet that attend-ed this prodigious land-force is likewise made to consist of 2000sail ; and all the success they met with was the taking and burn-ing the city of Athens; for the army was shamefully repulsednear the straits of Thermopylae, by Leonidas , and tire" fleet wasdispersed and partly destroyed by Themistocles at the straits of Sa-lamis, who bad only 380 sail tinder his command. Xerxes was as-sassinated by Artabanes, chief captain of his guards, and his dis-tinguished favourite.

XlMENIA, a genus of plants of the class and order pentan-dria monogyuia, Calyx a periantliium, composed of three small,cordated, and deciduous leaves ; corolla formed of tour petals,campanulate ; germen small, suboval ; fruit an oval drupe, one-celled; seed oval, unilocular, smooth. There are three species,trees of the West Indies .

Xiphias, in astronomy, a constellation. See Astronomy.Xifhias. the Sword-Fish ; in ichthyology, a genus of fislipsof the order apodcs. Upper jaw terminates in a long sword-shaped rostrum, from which it is called the sword-fish : no teethin tin- mouth ; gill-membrane has eight rays; body somewhat cy-lindrical, without scales. There art* three species.

X. Clauius, found in the European ocean. This speciesSometimes frequent our coasts, but are much more common inthe Mediterranean Sea, especially in the part that separates Italy from Sicily , which has been long celebrated for it ; the promon-tory Pelorus, now Cape Faro, was noted for the resort of the

xiphias, and the station of the speculators, or lire persons whowatched and gave notice of the approach of t he fish. The ancientmethod of taking them is particularly described by Strain), andagrees exactly with that practised by the moderns. A man as-cends one ot the cliffs that overhangs the sea ; as soon as lie spiesthe fish, lie gives notice, either by his voice or by signs, of thecourse it takes. Another, that is stationed in a boat, climbs uptiie mast, and on seeing the sword-fish, directs the roweis towardsit. As soon as he thinks they are got within reach, he descends,and taking a spear in his hand, strikes it into the fish : which, afterwearing itself with its agitation, is seized and drawn into theboat. It is much esteemed by the Sicilians, who buy it up eager-ly, and at its first coming into season, give about 6d. per pound.The season lasts from May till August. The ancients used to cutthis fish into pieces and salt it; whence it was called Tomus Tiiu-rianus, from Thurii, a town in the hay of Tarentum, where it wastaken and cured. The sword-fish is very voracious, and isa great enemy to die tunny, who (according to Belon) is asmuch terrified at it as a sheep is.at the sight of a wolf. It isa great enCmv to the whales, and often destroys them. SeePlate CXX i.

XI PllOl D CARTILAGE. See Anatomy.

X1XONA, a town of Spain, in Valencia , and territory ofSegura, 15 miles S. W. of Alicant . Lon. 0. 10. W. 'Lat.38. 6. N.

XUCAR, a river of Spain , which rises in New Castile,in Sierra tie Cueiiza. It runs into the gulf of Valencia , atCullera .

XUDNOGROD, a town of Turkish Croatia, 17milesN. ofSehenico. i ,on. 16. 51. E. Lat. 40. 34. N.

xipiiidiUm, in botany, a genus of the triandria rnonogyniaclass and order; natural order, Ensata.*. Corolla four-petaled ;equal ; capsule superior, three celled, many seeded. There aretwo specie,, viz. X. album and X. rici'uleum.

XYLOCARPUS, in bo any. a genus of the octandria mono,gynia class and order. Calyx live-toothed ; corolla four petailed ;nectary, ei.eht-elert j filaments inserted into the nectary ; drupe| juiooh'-s, iai-ge, four or five-grooved ; nuts eight or ten, difform.j There is but one species, viz. X. granatmii, a native of the East

riuit $.

XYl.OMELUM, in botany, a genus of the tetrandria mono-gyma class and order. Anient with a simple scale ; petals four,sr.imtiiifi-rous ; stigma club-shaped, obtuse. 'Tins is one of twentynew genera fiom the South Seas; the characters of which are givenby Hr Small

XYLOPfl Y I.LA, in botany, a genus of plants in the classpentamlria, and order irigynia ; natural order, Tricoc-ca:. Calyxlive-parted, coloured: corolla none; stigmas jagged; capsulethtee-celled ; seeds two. There are seven species.

XYLOPI A, in liotauv, a genus of plains m the class gynan-dria, and order polyaniiria; natural order, CoudunaUe. Calyxthree-leaved; petats six ; capsule one or two-seeded, tour-corner-ed, tw-.i-valved ; seeds milled. '1 here are tlime species,

XYLOSMA. in botany, a genus oi the dicecia polyandria classand order. Calyx tour or five-parkd ; corolla none, hut a smallannular eremilate nectary surrounding tile stamen- ; mute, stamenstwenty to fittr : female, style scarce!v any ; stigma ir;fill ; berrydry, sub bilocular ; seeds two, thtei-iiled. There are two species,viz. X. suaveoleiis and X. orbu ulalun .

XYRlS, in botany, a genus of plants in the class tetran'.-in,and order rnonogynia ; natural order, Ensiitje. Corolla rlnee-pelaled, equal, crenate ; giumes two-valved in a head ; capsulesuperior. 'There are four species,

XYSTARCHA, in antiquity, the master or director of the

xysttis.

XYSTlTS, among the Greeks, was a Jong portico, open orcovered at the trqg where the atliletx practised wrestling andrunning; the gladiators, who practised therein, were calledXystice