X

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

The Island of Hawaii ( Continued ). P AQE

A. The Work done by Vapors.154

1. The Vapors concerned : their Kinds and Sources . 155

2. The Effect of the Expansive Force of Vapors in

their Escape from the Liquid Lavas: Projectile Action. 158

3. The Effects of the Expansive Force of Vapors

within the Lavas . — Vesiculation and its Me-chanical Effects.16T

4. Work of Vapors generated outside of the Conduit:

Fractures, Displacements, and other Results . 16!)

B. The Ascensive Action in the Lava-column . 170

C. Effects of Heat.175

D. Hydrostatic and other Gravitational Pres-

sure .179

B. Mount Loa , Mokuawkoweo.180

1. Eruptions of Mount Loa from 1832 to 1868 . 180

2. Eruptions of Mount Loa from 1868 to 1890 . 197

3. General Summary', with Conclusions.217

1. Times and Time -intervals of Eruptions.217

2. The Ordinary Work of the Mount Loa Crater.222

3. Causes of the Ordinary Movements within the Crater . . . 223

Solfataric Action.228

C. Eruptions of Mount Loa and Kilauea.228

1. Characteristics and Causes of Eruptions.228

1. Ordinary or Non-Explosive Eruptions.229

Height and Position of Outbreaks.229

Causes of Eruptions .230

Outflows and the Attending Circumstances .238

Lateral Cones.245

2. Explosive Eruptions.245

II. Metamorphism an Effect of Volcanic Conditions . . 254

IIr. Form of Mount Loa.256

D. Relations of Kilauea to Mount Loa.258

E. Contrast between Mount Loa and Volcanoes of the Ve-

suvius Type.265

II. Islands of Maui and Oaiiu.269

A. Island of Maui.269

1. East Maui.273

2. West Maui.280

3. The Eccentric Form of the Maui Volcanoes .... 281

4. Consolidated Drift-sand Ridge .282

B. Island of Oahu.282

1. Features, Structure, and Origin of Oaiiu.285

2. Tufa and other Lateral Cones of East Oahu . . . 292

3. Evidence of Recent Change of Level.302