RESULTS OF THE GREEK EXPEDITION. 213
constructed a new fleet, suitable for the greater rivers on whichhe was now to embark, he proceeded southward throughSind, and followed the course of the Indus until he reachedthe ocean. In the apex of the delta he founded or refoundeda city—Patala—which survives to this day as Haidarabad, thenative capital of Sind. 1 At the mouth of the Indus , Alexanderbeheld for the first time the majestic phenomenon of thetides. One part of his army he shipped off under the com-mand of Nearkhos to coast along the Persian Gulf ; the otherhe himself led through Southern Baluchistan and Persia toSusa , where, after terrible losses from want of water andfamine on the march, he arrived in 325 b.c . 2
During his two years’ campaign in the Punjab and Sind,Alexander captured no province, but he made alliances,founded cities, and planted Greek garrisons. He had trans-ferred much territory from the tribes whom he had half-subdued, to the chiefs and confederations who were devotedto his cause. Every petty court had its Greek faction ; andthe detachments which he left behind at various positions fromthe Afghan frontier to the Beas, and from near the base ofthe Himalayas to the Sind delta, were visible pledges of hisreturn. At 1 'axila (Deri-Shahan) and Nikaia (Mong) in theNorthern Punjab; at Alexandria (Uchh) in the SouthernPunjab ; at Patala (Haidarabad ) in Sind ; and at other pointsalong his route, he established military settlements of Greeksor their allies. A body of his troops remained in Bactria . Inthe partition of the Empire after Alexander’s death in 323 b.c.,Bactria and India eventually fell to Seleukos Nikator , thefounder of the Syrian monarchy.
Results ofGreek ex-pedition,
3 2 7 - 3 2 5
B.C.
Meanwhile, a new power had arisen in India . Among the Chandra
Indian adventurers who thronged Alexander’s camp in the ^ u P ta >
° 1 326 b.c.:
1 For its interesting appearances in ancient history, see General Cun-ningham’s Anc. Geog. of India , pp. 279-287, under Patala or Nirankot.It appears variously as Pattala, Pattalene, Pitasila, etc. It was formerlyidentified with Tatta (Thatha), near to where the western arm of theIndus bifurcates. See also M‘Crindle’s Commerce and Navigation of theErythraean Sea, p. 156 (Triibner, 1879). An excellent map of Alexander’scampaign in Sind is given at p. 248 of Cunningham’s Anc. Geog. of India .
“ The stages down the Indus and along the Persian coast, with thegeographical features and incidents of Nearkhos ’ Voyage , are given in thesecond part of the Indika of Arrian, chapter xviii. to the end. The riverstages and details are of value to the student of the modern delta of theIndus.—M'Crindle’s Commerce and Navigation of the Erythrcean Sea , pp.153-224 (1879).