WELLESLEY’S SOUTHERN WARS. 467

the English Government,—a clause since inserted in everyleading engagement entered into with Native Powers.

Wellesley next turned the whole weight of his resourcesagainst Tipu, whom Cornwallis had defeated, but had not sub-dued. Tipu’s intrigues with the French were laid bare, and hewas given an opportunity of adhering to the new subsidiarysystem. On his refusal, war was declared, and Wellesley came Thirddown in viceregal state to Madras to organize the expedition in M y so ^ eperson, and to watch over the course of events. One English army marched into Mysore from Madras, accompanied by acontingent from the Nizdm. Another advanced from thewestern coast. Tipu, after a feeble resistance in the field,retired into Seringapatam , and, when his capital was stormed,died fighting bravely in the breach, 1799. Since the battle ofPlassey no event had so greatly impressed the native imagina- Fall oftion as the capture of Seringapatam , which won for General f a e ^ n f apa "Harris a peerage, and for Wellesley an Irish Marquessate.

In dealing with the territories of Tipu, Wellesley acted withmoderation. The central portion, forming the old State ofMysore, was restored to an infant representative of the HinduRajas, whom Haidar All had dethroned pthe rest of Tipu’sdominions was partitioned between the Nizam, the Marathas,and the English . At about the same time, the Karnatik , orthe part of South-eastern India ruled by the Nawab of Arcot,and also the principality of Tanjore, were placed under directBritish administration, thus constituting the Madras Presidencyalmost as it has existed to the present day. The sons of theslain Tipu were treated by Lord Wellesley with paternal tender-ness. They received a magnificent allowance, with semi-royalestablishment, first at Vellore , and afterwards in Calcutta.

The last of them, Prince Ghulam Muhammad, was well knownas a public-spirited citizen of Calcutta, and an active Justiceof the Peace. After a long and quiet life, he died about theyear 1877.

The Marathas had been the nominal allies of the English Thein both their wars with Tipu. But they had not renderedactive assistance, nor were they secured to the English side asthe Nizam now was. The Maratha Powers at this time werefive in number. The recognised head of the Confederacywas the Peshwd of Poona , who ruled the hill country of theWestern Ghats , the cradle of the Maratha race. The fertileProvince of Gujarat was annually harried by the horsemenof the Gaekwar of Baroda . In Central India, two militaryleaders, Sindhia of Gwalior and Holkar of Indore, alternately