INDEX. 841

note); amount of silt brought down bythe Ganges at Ghazipur , 60 ; estimatedsilt of united river at the delta, 60 ;time required to construct the Bengaldelta, 61 ; river irrigation by means ofcanals, 61 ; the rivers as highwaysof trade, 61 ; saline deposits fromcanal irrigation, 62 ; changes of riverbeds and deserted river capitals, 62; the‘bore’ of the Hugh and Meghna,63 ; destruction of river-side villages,

63, 64; poetry of the Indian rivernames, 64 ; crops of the river plainsof North-Western Bengal and the delta,

64, 65 ; scenery of the river plains,

65, 66. Third region : the SouthernTable-land, or the Deccan, 67-75. Itsthree supporting mountain walls, 67 ;the Vindhya mountains and theirranges, the ancient barrier betweenNorthern and Southern India , 68;the Eastern and Western Ghats , 68 ;the central triangular plateau, 68 ; theBhor Ghat, 69; the Thai Ghat, 69 ;the Palghat pass, 69 ; rivers of theinner plateau, 69, 70; historical signi-ficance of the Eastern and Western Ghats , 70 ; rainfall of the Deccan, 70 ;the four forest regions of Southern India , 7 I_ 7 2 > scenery of Southern India , 72 ; crops, 73 ; minerals, 73 ;recapitalution of the three regions ofIndia , their race and languages, 74.Fourth region : Burma , 74.

Pilgrimages along the Ganges , 50, 51.

Pillar and Rock inscriptions of Asoka ,190 (footnote); 191.

Pindari freebooters, Campaign againstthe (1817), 472.

Pippli, early seaboard settlement andport of the East India Company , nowfar inland, 432.

PiusIX., Pope,made ‘Concordat ’ of 1857with Portugal , 307.

Plassey, Battle of (1757), 449.

Pliny , quoted, 34 ; mentions the Savars*103.

Police statistics, 560.

Pollock, Sir George, his march fromthe Punjab to Kabul (1842), 479.

Polyandry among the Nairs and Hima­ layan tribes, 93 ; polyandry of Drau-padf, the wife of the five Pandavabrethren in the Mahabbarata, 164;polyandry in the Hindu marriage law,244 ; modern survivals of, 244.

Pondicherri, the Catholic prefect andvicar apostolic of, 307; RomanCatholic mission, 313; the French settle at (1674), 435 ! ineffectual

siege of, by Admiral Boscawen ’sfleet and a land force under MajorLawrence (1748), 445; siege of,

and capitulation to Sir Eyre Coote (1760), 447.

Poona , Treaty of (1817), 472.

Popham, Captain, storm of Gwalior for-tress during the first Maraiha war, 461.

Popular Vishnuism, 267.

Population of India , chap. ii. pp. 76-90.General survey of the people, 76 ; theFeudatory Chiefs and their powers, 76 ;the twelve British Provinces, 76;Census of 1872, 1881, 1891, 77; popu-lation tables of British, Feudatory,and Foreign India , 78, 79; densityof the population, 80; absence oflarge towns, 81 ; overcrowded dis-tricts, 81; under-peopled tracts, 81;immobility of the Indian peasant, 82 ;nomadic system of tillage, 82, 83;relation of labour to land in the lastcentury, and at the present day, 83,84; serfdom, 84; unequal division ofthe people, 84, 85 ; increase of popula-tion since 1872, 87 ; Census table for1881-91, 85-88; ethnical history ofIndia , 89; fourfold division of thepeople, into Aryans, non-Aryans, mixedHindus , and Muhammadans, 89, 90;population tables for 1881 and 1891,88 (footnote), and Appendices I.-IX.,774-791-

Portuguese in India , 416-424 ; Covilliam,418; Vasco da Gama , 417, 418;Cabral, 418; Francisco de Almeida ,419 : Albuquerque , 420, 421 ; Joao de Castro (1545-48), 421, 422 ; Portuguese Viceroys (1558-78), 422; oppressionsof the Portuguese , 420, 421 ; downfallof the Portuguese power, 423 ; Portu­ guese Indian possessions in 1881, 423 ;mixed descendants, 424; defeat of thePortuguese fleet at Swally off Surat (1615), 429; temporary expulsion ofthe Portuguese from Bengal, 431, 432;early Portuguese trade with India ,663.

Portuguese Padroado, or right of ecclesi-astical patronage in India , history of,307-308.

Portuguese Settlements in India , popula-tion of (1807), 79; Roman Catholicpopulation of, 311.

Porus , Defeat of, by Alexander the Great ,211, 212.

Post-Vedic Gods, Rise of, 139-140; theHindu Triad, 140.

Potato cultivation in the Himalayas , 41.

Pottery manufactures, 710, 711 ; 730.

Practical faith of the Hindus, its toler-ance and fairness to Christianity , 277.

Prakrits , The, or spoken languages ofNorthern India, 394-400.

Pre-Aryan kingdoms in Northern India,232; pre-Aryan civilisation, 386, 387.