COACHES.

229

Philip II. Duke of Pomerania-Steltin, reminded hisvassals also, in 1608, that they ought not to make so muchuse of carriages as of horses. 1 ® All these orders and admo-nitions, however, were of no avail, and coaches becamecommon all over Germany .

Professor Beckmann was at Bremen, in Oct. 1785, and inthe Tax-chamber of the Senate-house of that city, he sawpainted on a wall in oil colours, by John Landwehr, in 1661,a view of that city. On the left side of die fore-ground, lieobserved a long quadrangular carriage, which did not appearto be suspended by leather straps. It was covered with acanopy supported by four pillars, but had no curtain, sothat one could see all the persons who were in it. In theside there was a small door, and before there seemed to bea low seat, or perhaps a box. The coachman sat uponone of the horses. It was evident, from their dress, thatthe persons in it were burgomasters.

Persons of the first rank, ladies we presume, in France ,frequently sat behind their equerry, and the horse was oftenled by servants. When Charles VI . wished to see incognitothe entry of the Queen, he placed himself on horseback be-hind Savoisy, who was his confidant, with whom, however,he was much incommoded in the crowd. 10 When Louis,Duke of Orleans, that Prince’s brother, was assassinatedin 1407, the two ecuyers who accompanied him, rode onhorseback both upon one horse. 11 In the year 1534, QueenEleonora and the princesses rode on white horses (deshaquenees blanches) at the time of a sacred festival. Privatepersons, in France , physicians for instance, used no car-riages in the fifteenth century, which is proved by the prin-cipal entrance to their public school, erected 1472, which isbuilt so very- narrow as not to admit of a carriage passingthrough it.“ In Paris also, at all the palaces and pub-lic buildings, there were steps for mounting on horseback,such as those which the parliament caused to be erected in1599; and Sauval says, on that occasion, that though manyof these steps in latter periods had been taken away, therestill remained several of them in his time at old buildings.

“9 An attempt was made also to prevent the use of coaches by a law, in Hun-gary , in 1523. The words are : Et quod nobiles uniu9 sessionis per singula capitapariter insurgere et advenire teneantur; et non in Kotsi, prout plerique solent, sedexcrcitantium more, vel equites, vel pedites, ut pugnare possint, venire sint obli-gati. Schwarz, Pommerschen lehen-historie, p. 497.

Histoire des Antiques de Paris, par Sauval, i. p. 187.

11 Sauval; also, Abreg6 Chronologique de 1’Histoire de France , par M. deMezeray. Arast 1696, 3 vol. 12mo. iii. p. 167.

* z Vari6t6s Historiques, Physiques et Litteraires. Paris , 1752,3voi.12mo.ij. p.87.