48

DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING.

precisely the same ; the only difference is, that kier B is reduced in size ^

to about one-third that of kier A; it is not charged with goods, and is onlyintended to receive the liquor when forced through the goods in kier A. Theliquor is boiled in kier B by a modified distributor, and is forced from it into g

kier A, and this is repeated until the goods in kier A are sufficiently worked. ^

This modification is only recommended where small quantities are done,and the kiers required would be too small for working in conveniently. ^

Where quantities above 300 pieces, or say 1,500 lbs. of goods a day are done, jj

it will be very much better to adopt the double kiers, as in Fig. 1; for they o £take up very little more room, require only the same attendance, and, with •the exception of a few feet of piping, they need only the same pipes, taps, j

gauges, and other fittings, so are not much more expensive to put up than this,

Fig. 2, while double the quantity can be done in them in the same time , for bothkiers can be crammed with goods to the very top. ^

Even when there are only sufficient goods to fill one kier it is better to divide an

them, putting half into each kier, as the liquor is kept hotter, and there is lesscondensation of steam in working, than when the liquor is forced from the jj r

kier charged with goods into an empty one. re

Mr. Kent, of Moscow, Russia, and of Nottingham, has patented an im- ^provement in cleansing and bleaching, much used by cleaners working on ^a small scale. The improvement consists in subjecting the cotton-yarn or ej

fabric to the following process :—Lime and soda are mixed (in the proportion p r

of about 2 lbs. of carbonate of soda to 1 lb. of lime) with water, and allowed c f

to stand to settle, when the clear liquor is drawn off or .separated from the ce

solid matters. It is found that the strength of the liquor when used should ca

mark about i£ degrees of Twaddle’s hydrometer. A strength of ij degrees sc

is found sufficient for fine light goods, and for heavier goods a greater strength br

is required. *The yarn, thread, or fabric, or other preparation of vegetablefibres, is steeped in this liquor for from thirty to fifty minutes, more or less, s0

as the case may require. Fine goods require about thirty minutes, and stouter es

ones a longer time in proportion. The process of cleaning and bleaching is c ],

then finished in the ordinary manner by washing, and then treating the fibrous ; n

materials with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid and chloride of lime, but th

this part of the process requires less time, by reason of the fibrous materials th

not having been boiled for a great length of time with crude materials. A ra

workman will readily judge of the effedt produced, and he will find that it is c h

not necessary to retain the yarns or fabrics in either of the liquors more than j n

from forty to fifty minutes. By these means ordinary bleaching is accomplished ] lc

in a few hours instead of occupying days. When the fabrics are to be dyed ar

with madder in order to render them suitable to be so dyed, or as it is w

commonly called “ madder bleached,” the fabrics after being steeped and pre- bi

pared as explained, are boiled for two or three hours in a weak solution of ac

carbonate of soda and resin. The greasy matters are formed by the linn sc

into a sort of insoluble soap easily removed by the after process.

“ Souring” removes all excess of lime and breaks up the insoluble lime thsoap ; it still leaves the grease upon the cloth, but in such an altered state as wto be easily removable by the subsequent “ bowking.” Hydrochloric acid is to

sometimes employed in this souring, but very dilute vitriol may be used. Thehydrochloric acid sours are used cold and at a strength of 3° Twaddle. The

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