MADDER.

289.

The alum, previously ground, is dissolved in the water heated to 140° F.; thecrystals of soda are next dissolved with stirring, and then the acetate of leadadded in coarse powder, and the whole well stirred for a considerable time,and afterwards at intervals during two or three days. Nos. 1 and 2 are com-mon reds for calico, No. 2 being better adapted for a gum colour and forblocking than No. 1; Nos. 3 and 4 strong mordants, suitable for muslin orlight goods ; Nos. 5 and 6 will do for garancin, and are suitable for mixingwith crystals or muriate of tin for forming a resist.

Red Liquors from Acetate of Lime.

No. 7. No. 8.

Acetate of. lime liquor at 24 0 Tw., gallons .... 50 90

Alum, lbs.200 —

Sulphate of alumina, lbs. .. — 272

Ground chalk, lbs. 12 34

On account of the cheapness of acetate of lime it is more used than acetateof lead. The above two red liquors are put together by first heating theacetate of lime liquor, in a copper boiler, to a temperature of 140° F.; thenadding the alum or sulphate of alumina, and stirring until the lumps havedisappeared ; and lastly, the chalk is added by small portions at a time, toavoid loss by effervescence. The whole is then well stirred until nearly cold,allowed to settle, the clear drawn off, and the bottoms drained upon a woollenfilter and washed with water until the washings fall as low as 2 0 Tw., whenthey are not worth washing any more. The red liquor No. 7, used at 20° Tw.,gives the darkest red obtainable on calico for madder and garancin ; the No. 8liquor, at 16 0 Tw., is used for resist reds, and for mixing with iron liquor (ironmordants, about which more below) to produce chocolates for garancin work,and also is reduced for light reds. These two liquors are quite sufficient forthe ordinary run of madder and garancin work.

Red Liquors for Madder Pink (Rose-colour).

No. 9.

No. 10.

No. 11.

No. 12.

No. 13

Water, gallons.

.. 4}

I

20

3

60

Alum, lbs.

.. 16

34

75

!3

125

Acetate of lead, lbs.

.. 12

2j

10J

—

IOO

Acetate of lime (dry), lbs.

.. —

—

30

—

—

Ground chalk, lbs.

.. —

—

5

—

—

Common salt, lbs.

—

10

—

—-

Nitrate of zinc solution at 15 0

Tw. —

—

—

I

—

No. 9 is for dark and No. 10 for light pink, being reduced or diluted when usedwith 3 parts of water to 1 part of liquor; No. 11 is excellent, for the reasonthat the addition of common salt has the effedt of causing the mordant toattradl moisture, and thus improve the ageing. The nitrate of zinc in No. 12has a still stronger attraction for water, but should be added after thickeningand when the liquor is cold, since this salt otherwise causes the starch andflour to run thin if boiled with them. No. 13 is only for reducing for lightpinks (rose-colour), and will not give a good dark pink.

We now diredt our attention to the mordants used to produce, with madderand its preparations, blacks, purples, and lilacs. The basis for these is hydrated

u