COCHINEAL. 363

The following are the shades obtainable by means of cochineal and ammo-niacal cochineal upon wool:—

1. Groseille * (bright). —For 10 kilos, of wool: 1 kilo, of cream of tartar and

2 litres tin solution, made up of 8 litres water, 400 grms. common salt,1-25 kilos, tin, to which is gradually added 8 litres nitric acid. Thewool is kept in this mixture, at boiling heat, for an hour, and is nextdyed with ammoniacal cochineal for bright shades, in ammoniacalcochineal mixed with raw cochineal and some orchil for medium shades.

2. Violet Groseille. —Mordant as above, and dye with ammoniacal cochineal

for clear as well as medium tints.

3. Amaranth-Red. —The same mordant; dye with raw cochineal and orchil

for clear, bright, and medium tints ; the quantity of orchil has to beincreased for the latter. Deep shades are produced by the use of rawcochineal with orchil and sulphate of indigo.

4. is produced by the same process and ingredients as No. 3, onlytaken in varied quantity.

5. Vermillion. — Mordanting and dyeing are done simultaneously. For

1 kilo, of wool 0-25 litre of the mordant for red is taken, and powderedcochineal, the dye-bath being heated to boiling.

6. Rose-colour. —Mordant as for No. 1, dyeing with ammoniacal cochineal.

7. Bright Amaranth-Red. —Same mordant; dye, at boiling heat, with raw

cochineal, ammoniacal cochineal, orchil, and for deeper shades somesulphate of indigo.

8. Violet Amaranth-Red is produced by the same means, only the quantities

are somewhat varied.

g. Purple is produced with the saitie mordant, the raw cochineal beingapplied at boiling heat.

10. Cherry-Red shades are produced by the same means, simply varying thequantities of materials.

The following may serve as examples for steam-colours upon wool:—•

Rose-Reds. — (a). 16 litres of a decodtion of ammoniacal cochineal (made upof 6 kilos, of ammoniacal cochineal, 2 kilos, acetic acid, and 12 litres of water,to be boiled together); alum, 1*5 kilos.; oxalic acid, 700 grms.; tartaric acid,700 grms.; bichloride of tin, 1-5 kilos.; thickened with gum Senegal.(b). 500 grms. of ground cochineal, to be boiled with water, 12 litres to 9 litres;gum, 2-937 kilos.; oxalic acid, 500 grms.; bichloride of tin solution, at55° Baume (sp. gr. 1-618), 600 grms.

Ponceau Red. —2 litres of a decodtion of cochineal containing 250 grms. tothe litre ; starch, 300 grms.; oxalic acid, 120 grms.; tin solution, 120 grms.,made up with 1 kilo, of nitric acid, 2 kilos, of hydrochloric acid, and 360 grms.tin; 60 grms. of bichloride of tin.

Same colour, but different shade :—4 litres of decodtion of cochineal con-taining 500 grms. to the litre ; 3 kilos, gum ; 350 grms. oxalic acid ; 500 grms.of bichloride of tin solution (sp. gr. 1-618).

Amaranth-Red. —Exhaust 500 grms. of ammoniacal cochineal with purewater, evaporate to 2 litres, filter (or pass through a fine silken sieve); add

* Since, technically, that word is in use in all languages to indicate that peculiar red exhi-bited by ripe red gooseberries, we retain it here also.

t Differs from that obtained by madder, but is a true red.