82
[Class IV.
emarginatus ? contributed from Tunjore by T. Bishopand VV. B. IIorsley (p. 879), from Palamcottah. Mr.Horsley is Honourably Mentioned.
19. Badum noonse, almond oil; Terminalia sp. fromTanjore.
20. Coodivetty Poondoo oil.— Allium sp. from Tanjore.
21. Malkamnee oil, Celastrus paniculatus ? from Madras.
22. Nahor nut oil; contributed by Major Hannay(pp. 879, 880).
23. Mori nga oil; Moringa pterygosperma.
24. Shammanatie oil; contributed by W. B. Horsley,from Palamcottah (pp. 879, 880).
25. Ilingun or Ilingota.— Balanites Egyptiaca , fromBombay.
26. Dessy akhroot, obtained from Aleurites triloba,the country walnut, from Bombay.
27. Saul tree seed oil.— Shore a robusta.
28. Chendoorookoo oil, from Madura and Tinnevelly.
29. Coorookoo oil, contributed by the Commissary-General of Madras, from Madura and Tinnevellv, (pp.879, 880).
30 Koodree oil.
31. The collection of oils also includes some veryinteresting vegetable butters and tallows, some of whichare almost entirely unknown in Europe . The samplesof cocoa-nut oil from Messrs. Sainte (p. 880), ofCossipore, have been already alluded to; besides these,very good samples are contributed by the Commissary-General of Madras, T. Bishop (p. 880), fromTanjore ; and by other exhibitors from Malabar, Madura,Tinnevelly, and Sarawak in Borneo .
Three species of Bassia , indigenous to India , yieldsolid oils; and are remarkable for the fact, that theysupply at the same time, saccharine matter, spirit, and ;oil, fit for both food and burning in lamps. !
32. Ilpa oil, Eloopei unnay, expressed from the seed of ;the illupie tree, or Bassia longifolia, a tree abundant inthe Madras Presidency, and the southern parts of Hin-dustan generally. The oil is white and solid at commontemperatures, fusing at from 70° to 80°. It may be ad-vantageously employed in the manufacture of bothcandles and soap. Specimens of this oil are contributed jby the Commissary-General of Madras, (p. 880), andJ. Key (p. 880), and from Madura and Tinnevelly.
33. Epie oil, or mahowa seed oil; Ippa noome, obtained ;from the seeds of the mahower, or Bassia latfolia, xwhich is common in most parts of the Bengal Presidency.The oil a good deal resembles that of the illupie tree,and may be used for similar purposes. It is solid at ;common temperatures, and begins to melt at about 70°. .The specimens of this oil shown by T. Coplestone (p. j880), from Mangalore , were deemed worthy of Honourable IMention ; it is also sent from Canara.
34. Phoolwa, or vegetable butter, expressed from the
seed of the choorie, or Bassia butyracea , a tree, whichthough far less generally abundant than the B. longifolia ;and B. latfolia , is common in certain of the hill districts, ;especially in the eastern parts of Kemaon: in theprovince of Dotee, it is so abundant, that the oil ischeaper than ghee, or butter, and is used to adulterate it;it is likewise commonly burnt in lamps, for which purposeit is preferred to cocoa-nut oil. It is a white solid fat,fusible at about 120°, and exhibits very little tendency tobecome rancid when kept. Specimens of this oil, as pre-pared for food, are shown from Kemaon. j
35. Miniak Tenkawung, a solid oil of a pale-greenish ;colour, a good deal resembling the oils of the Bassia in ■character, though rather more hard, and approachingmore in properties to myrtle wax. This is probably the -produce of the tallow tree of Java, described by Sir S.Raffles under the name of minyak kawon; and by \Crawford, as being very common in the western coun- ■tries of the Archipelago , where it is called “ kawan.” 1Mr. Crawford supposes it to be produced by a species ofBassia. According to Mr. Low, there are several varieties :of solid oil commonly used in the islands of the Archi-pelago , and obtained from the seeds of different species of“ Dipterocarpus.” It is a hard yellowish-green coloured ,substance, brittle, and fusible at about 93°, and when fused, ;solidifies at about 86°. Specimens are contributed by the j
Singapore Local Committee. It is very easily bleached;indeed, by mere exposure to air and light, it becomesperfectly white; if not too costly, it promises to be avaluable oil.
36. Piney tallow, obtained from the fruit of the peyniemarum, paenoe, dammar, or doop tree, Vatcria indica,a large and quick-growing tree, abundant iu Malabarand Canara. A white, solid oil, fusible at a tem-perature of 97°. This oil makes excellent candles,especially when saponified and distilled in the mannernow adopted with palm oil, &c.; it has one great advan-tage over cocoa-nut oil, that the candles made of it donot give out any suffocating acrid vapours when extin-guished, as those made with the latter oil do. Samplesare shown by T. Coplestone, from Mangalore (p. 879),and from Malabar and Canara.
37. Cocum oil, or kokum butter, obtained from theseeds of a kind of mangosteen, Garcinia purpurea,used in various parts of the peninsula to adulterateghee or butter, and said to be exported to Englandfor the purpose of mixing with bears’ grease in themanufacture of pomatum. It is a white, or pale-greenishyellow, solid oil, brittle, or rather friable, having a faint,but not unpleasant smell, melting at about 95 3 , and whencooled after fusion, remaining liquid to 75°. Samples ofthis oil are contributed from Bombay.
38. Kali ziri, or khatzum, obtained from the seed ofthe caat siragum, or buckehie, Vernoniu anthelmintica ,a plant common in Guzerat and the Coucan Ghats;there is, however, some uncertainty as to the plantfrom which this excellent oil is obtained, the labelon one of the specimens describing it as the produce ofthe Salvadora persica. It is a bright green, solid oil,having a consistence intermediate between that of tallowand wax, fusible at about 95°, and easily bleached; it hasa peculiar and somewhat aromatic odour. Samples ofthis oil are sent from Bombay.
39. Neem oil, Vaypum unnay, obtained from the ripefruit of the Nim, Arishto, Vaypum, or Margosa tree,Melia azadirachta ; a large and beautiful tree, by nomeans uncommon. The oil is pale yellow, and is solidat ordinary temperatures. Specimens are contributedby the Commissary-General of Madras (pp. 879, 880);from Bellary ; by T. Bishop (pp. 878, 880), from Tanjore ;and by J. Key (pp. 879, 880).
40. Gutta podah; from Biliton; a sort of wax, ofa bright-green colour, which might probably be advan-tageously used like the other kinds of vegetable wax,in the manufacture of candles, associated with the moreeasily fusible fatty substances.
Good specimens of lemon-grass oil from Galle, areshown by G. "Winter , (pp. 879, 880); and samples ofcinnamon and citron oils, and the oil of the Bengalquince, or JByle marmelos, from Ceylon , are also ex-hibited ; the cinnamon oil from Messrs. Parlett,O’Halloran, and Co. (pp. 879, 880), of Colombo , isvery good. There are likewise some excellent specimensof cocoa-nut oil, intended to illustrate the process of itsmanufacture, consisting of the copperah, or dried nut,the expressed oil, and the stearine and elaine purified,and obtained separately; for this valuable series a PrizeMedal was awarded.
A valuable series of eighteen samples of Ceylon oils iscontributed by T. A. Pieris (p. 938) — see also EastIndia Collection (pp. 878, 879) —of Kandy, the namesof these are—
1. Castor.
2. Kape-seed.
3. Gingelly.
4. Branjematy.
5. Siddharte.
6. Kolestesma.
7. Kekuna.
8. Makula.
9. Kadjic.
10. Kellooraje.
11. Rattee.
12. Dorene.
13. Koola.
14. Balegorande.
15. Xaarawyene.
16. Mahakoomare.
17. Dummele.
18. Chandenade.
The oils, Nos. 5 and 7, are nearly colourless. Thevalue of this collection would have been considerablyincreased, had the specimens been accompanied by anypractical information. The Jury awarded a Prize Medalfor these oils, together with the series of gums and resinsshown by the same exhibitor.
Some fine specimens of myrtle or berry wax, from the