91
Besides these, the Russian collection includes safflower,from Telaff, in Titiis, exhibited by Popius Kvaviloff(90, p. 1309); saffron, from Baki, in Shemakha, exhi-bited by Sergius Ayvazoff (91); yellow berries ( liham -nus infectorius\ from Cubi, in Derbent (92); sumach,from Nookha, in Shemakha (93); and the wood of theStutice coriaria , from the Government of Stavropol(89).
A considerable number of specimens of dyeing mate-rials from Spain are exhibited; the best are, the mad-der; woad or pastel blue (Isutis tinctoriu ); safflower oralazer ( Carthamus tinctorius ); wild sumach; and weldor “ gualda” {Reseda luteola ); shown by the Agricul-tural Board of Saragossa (148, p. 1337-38). For thesethe Jury awarded a Prize Medal. (See page 71).
Superior samples of madder are likewise contributed
by the Province of Murcia (86, p. 1334); U.-, of
Valladolid (142, p. 1337), and A. Matesanz, of Sego-via (144, p. 1337). These were severally deemed worthyof Honourable Mention.
Other specimens of madder are shown by the Provinceof Cadiz , which exhibits the wild or indigenous madder
from San Lucar (138, p. 1337), by D. -, of the
Canary Islands (141, p. 139c), by D.-, of Huelva ,
by D. Matesanz, of Segovia, from Cuellar (140, p. 139c),by R. Semovilla, of Segovia, from Cuellar (143, p. 139),
and by D.-, of Zamora (91, p. 1334). Extract
of madder, for dyers, is also contributed by J. Marcos,of Valladolid (147, p. 1334).
Samples of gualda or weld ( Reseda luteola) are exhi-bited by J. Gisbkrt, of Alicante (137, p. 1337), by
1 ).- 1 of the Canary Islands (141, p. 1337, by D
-, of Gerona (79, p. 1333), by D.-, of Murcia
(86, p. 1337), by J. Martinez, of Seville (145, p. 1334),and by D.-, of Zamora (91, p. 1334).
Two specimens of saffron are shown ; namely, by DonaE. Carello, of Ciudad Real (139, p. 1337), and by D.-of Saragossa (92, p. 1334).
A good sample of Alkanet root ( Anchusa tinctorid ) is
contributed by D.-, of Murcia (86, p. 1334), and
a fair sample of sumach, from Torrelobaton, is shownby D.-—, of Valladolid (146, 1337).
Three specimens of dye-woods are shown in the collec-tion of Cuba woods, exhibited by the Botanic Societyof Madrid (186), these are—
Brazil wood - Csesalpina sp.
Copey- - - Clusia rosea (Lin.)
Fustete - - Broussonetia tinctoria (Kunth).
In the collection from Tunis are shown three samplesof indigo; one of saffron ; dried pomegranates, said tobe used for dyeing yellow ; and a specimen of a dye-stuffnamed Gammam.
A very valuable and numerous series of dye-stuffs isexhibited in the Turkish collection, including some ofthose well known in commerce, and also a few new ones.Samples are shown of—
1 .
o,
3.
Madder -
r,
6 .
8 .
9.
10 .
11 .
12 .
13.
14.
15.
•J — —
Fellow berries
1U.
17.
18.
19.
20 .21 .22 .
23.
24.
M
»
J)
Safflower
»
)?
>>
Smyrna.
Ghiordes.
Amassiah.
Broosa.
Bergan.
Bakir.
Tripoli.
Bulak Ilisser.
Koniah.
Ivukagasch.
Cayadjik.
Angora.
Siras.
Janina.
Kaissarieh.
Koniah.
Sila A. Minor.
Amassiah.
Sparta.
Smyrna.
Constantinople.
25. Safflower
26. Saffron —
27.
28.
29. Tabach -
30. Sirpik -
31. Amteric -
32. Alkanet -
33. ,,
34. Kina -
Besides these, a considerable number of samples ofgalls, valonia, sumach, and other similar substances, usedboth in dyeing, and also in tanning, are exhibited. (Seepage 93.) The substance called Tabach, from Koniah,appears to be the dried petals of a ffower; it is a richviolet colour, and merits further examination. Sirpikis said to be used in dyeing yellow.
A good series of samples of madder, both in the formof root, and also reduced to a powder, for the use ofdyers, is exhibited by the Technological Institute ofTuscany (47, p. 1294), and forms part of the collectionfor which the Jury awarded them a Prize Medal. (Seepage 71.)
Section IV.— Tanning Materials.
Notwithstanding the number of different substanceswhich have from time to time been introduced for theuse of tanners, it is, nevertheless, pretty generally ac-knowledged that there is nothing superior, or even equalto, good oak bark, and that all attempts to hurry the pro-cess beyond a certain point by the use of concentratedsolutions of tan, &c., are for the most part failures, asthe manufacture of good leather, to a great extent, de-pends on the process being conducted in a slow and gra-dual, but—at the same time—thorough and completemanner. Oak bark is, however, by no means the onlyastringent bark well suited to the use of the tanner, andin various parts of the world other similar substances areused with very great success. All these tanning mate-rials, though they may not be considered, by the English tanner, as equal to the best oak bark, are nevertheless ofvalue to him ; they may be employed in conjunction withoak bark, or even as a substitute in times of scarcity, orwhen the price of bark is high : in fact, the very exist-ence of such substances tends to keep down and equalizethe price of bark, and prevent it from undergoing thosegreat fluctuations in value which would necessarily occurwere it the only tanning material available to our manu-facture.
The quantity of the chief tanning materials importedin 1849, and the countries from which they were ob-tained, is shown in the following table:—
Terra
Japonica.
Sumach.
Valonia.
Cwt.s.
Cwts.
Cwts.
■Cwts.
-
-
_
141.392
-
140
-
-
-
—
114.1S0
-
-
_
East Indian Empire
-
-
169,140
-
-
-
1,166
-
218,3S0
-
-
-
-
-
—
~
206,000
—
—
—
42,318
—
—
—
_
—
29,840
15,820
—
—
—
27,619
—
—
—
—
-
—
12.784
_
-
—
-
-
-
9,594
-
440
-
-
-
-
9,931
•-
20
4,320
-
—
-
4.563
—
—
—
—
-
-
—
—
—
4,280
—
-
—
_
—
—
10,480
Miscellaneous
-
-
5,035
2,980
2,520
Total
-
-
368,582
169,140
251,800
333,420
i
A valuable and instructive series of the various tan-niug materials, imported into Englaud, or used by tau-ners, is exhibited by Curtis Brothf.rs and Co. (126,p. 204); the following Table shows the names of thesesubstances:—