[Class XXIX.
C28
which these were fixed were—colour, density, and fusing-point of the candles, brilliancy and steadiness of thename, continuous consumption of the wick, aud less orgreater tendency to gutter in a current of air.
List of Awards.
Apollo Stearin* Company, Vienna (Austria , 39, p.1009'. Prize Medal, for an interesting display of stearicacid in blocks, and stearic candles; this is one of thelargest, while, at the same time, it is one of the best inthe Exhibition. The great excellence of these candlesmanufactured by the process of lime-saponification, theirhardness and whiteness, are evidences of u thorough know-ledge of this ehemico-mechanical art, and of a minuteattention to all the details of the various processes, withoutwhich no such articles could be produced.
Barclay and Sox, Regent Street, London (Ciass IV.21, p. 196*). Prize Medal. A very large collection,illustrative of the processes of wax-bleaching and wax-candle-making. Also wax night-lights, and wax mortar-lights for warming dishes on the dinner-table.
The Medal is awarded to these Exhibitors, chiefly onaccount of the excellence of the above-named products;but as they exhibit likewise remarkably good stearicand spermaceti candles, these latter are included in theAward .
Bauwf.xs, L. F., Grease-Works, Wakefield (Class IV.,No. 26, p. 197*). Prize Medal. The Award to thisExhibitor is for the recovery of fatty acids, applicable tosoap-making and to the manufacture of candles, from thewaste lyes and suds of the woollen, siik, and cottonmanufactories. The quantity of soap used by the variousbranches of manufactures in favour of which the soap-dutyis remitted, amounted in the year 1850 to 22,858,382 lbs.,which may he estimated as containing on the averageabout 50 per cent, of fats, or 11,429,191 lbs., or in roundnumbers 5,000 tons. The importance, therefore, of econo-mising this otherwise waste product will be fully appre-ciated if it be taken into consideration, that the manufactureof wool entails moreover the employment of a large quan-tity of oil, which is afterwards removed by washing.The quantity of oil employed for this purpose in GreatBritain may be estimated at about 6,000 tons,* containedin the suds in addition to the fat contained in the soap,making together about 11,000 tons. But supposing thatfrom unavoidable sources of waste only 5,000 tons wereannually recoverable, and estimating it to produce 15/.per ton, the value would still amount to 75,000/.
Bert, J. J. and Co., Madrid aud Gijon (Spain , 2 45 and246, p. 1344). Prize Medal. The Jury award to M. Bert aPrize Medal for products of the highest class from the twomanufactories he has established in Spain . From that ofMadrid , in which saponification by lime only is practised,he sends beautiful stearic acid and stearic candles; fromthat of Gijon , in which he has lately erected a distillingapparatus to include the most recent improvements ofEngland and France , he sends palmitic acid equal to anyin the Exhibition, together with candles made of it.These latter candles are allowed by the Catholic clergyof Spain to be used in the churches.
Brandon, X. D., Amsterdam (Holland , 70, p. 1145).Prize Medal. The candles exhibited by Mr. Brandon area proof that in Holland the stearic manufacture hasreached its highest state of perfection; his candles areall that can be desired in hardness and careful moulding.The long stearic candles, which in Holland are allowed :by tlie clergy to be used in churches, are very beautifulspecimens of manufacture. The iuterest in the collectionof this exhibitor is enhanced by the intermediate productswhich he has sent to illustrate the various stages of theprocess.
Briex, C., Dublin (90, p. 794). Honourable Mention.
* In the year 1350, 278,022 bales of foreign wool, eachcontaining on the average 250 lbs., were imported intoLondon , Liverpool, Hull, and Leith, so that about 31,000tons were imported in that year ; and. as about 20 lbs. of oilare consumed in “ working *’ or scrubbing every 112 lbs. ofwool, there must have been upwards of 5,500 tons used forfh Q foreign wool only.
Mr. Brieu exhibits very well-manufactured tallow mould-cntdles, which are white and hard.
Campeniioudt, Charles van, and Co., Ileusden, Flan-ders (Belgium , 436, p. 1164). Prize Medal. Theproductions of these makers, whilst they are the finestin the Belgian division, may vie with most in the Exhi-bition for whiteness aud hardness. Their candles named“ Bouyics de iEtoilc” are beautifully moulded, and havea high degree of polish.
Delacretaz aud Fourcade, Vaugirard, near Paris (France , 158, p. 1178). Honourable Mention. Messrs.Delacretaz and Co. are extensive contributors to theExhibition, having sent some very large blocks of stearicacid, which is hard, but not of the highest degree ofwhiteness: the Jury, therefore, though they cannotaward a Prize Medal to them, accord an HonourableMention for their productions, which are very good, andwhich it appears they manufacture on a very extensivescale.
Dixox, George, Dublin (91, p. 795). HonourableMention. The Jury make Honourable Mention of theclarified tallow mould-candles of great whiteness, hard-ness, and exterior polish, made of a mixture of purifiedtallow and stearic acid; also of the composite caudlesai d the yellow soap exhibited by Mr. Dixon, which islikewise well manufactured.
Donneaud and Co., Paris (France , 478, p. 1200).Honourable Mention. The Jury accord an HonourableMention to Messrs. Donneaud and Co. for their stearicacid, and stearic candles, called “ Bougies du Phare;**though not possessing that whiteness for which thestearic acid of many exhibitors is remarkable, still theirproducts are very creditable, the candles being wellmoulded.
Dlmortier and Co., Lyons t France , 1593, p. 1253).P*ize Medal, for most excellent white and hard steariccandles, well polished and carefully moulded.
Field, J. C. and J., Wigmore Street (Class TV.,130, p. 205*). Prize Medal, for the very fine blocksof white and hard stearic acids which they exhibit, andw.iich evince a thorough knowledge of the stearic manu-facture.
Freeman*, E., Wigmore Street (Class IV., 25, p. 197*).P/ize Medal, for very excellent spermaceti candles, called“ transparent wax.” The spermaceti candle (containinga small quantity of wax, to prevent crystallization) is inmany cases preferred to wax, on account of its greatertransparency, and brilliancy of flame. The peculiar tintof the wax is imitated in these candles by the addition ofgamboge.
IIale, W. S., Queen Street (99, p. 796). HonourableMention. The productions which Mr. Hale exhibits,though very creditable, are not of the highest class, andseem more especially confined to the cheaper descriptionof stearic candle, and those very economical, though notso presentable, sources of light, the so-called “Compositecandles,” which possess the property of being seif-snuffing, and are much cheaper than the cheapest steariccandle, though, from their low fusing point, they are notso well adapted for use in hot climates.
Holmblad, L. P., Copenhagen (Denmark , 27, p. 1357).Honourable Mention, for a small collection of steariccandles, exhibited in connection with other articles byM. Holmblad. They are white and hard, hut extremelyhigh in price.
Jaillox, Moinier, and Co., La Villette, near Paris (Fiance , 273, p. 1190). Prize Medal. The stearic acidmanufactured by these exhibitors is made according to arecently patented plan, which consists in passing a rapidcurrent of sulphurous acid into the lime-vat during thepiocess of sapouification, by which they state that theyare able to produce a much greater quantity of solid iVsthan if they operated without the introduction of sul-phurous acid ;* besides which, that they are euabled tome the commonest tallow, and produce white inodorouscandles. The Jury could not enter into an experimentalinvestigation of the merits of this new plan, and, there-
* The chemist cannot help thinking of the conversion of
the liquid oleic acid into the solid elaidic acid.