INDEX.

765

Calvert, F. A., 195, 204.

Calvi, .1., S4.

Cambrics. —Observations on tlic samples of cambrics andcambric handkerchiefs, exhibited, 313, 371, 372, 373.

Cambridge University, 400.

Camkline Seed. —Sample of, from Canada , 56.

Cameos. —Remarks on the specimens of this kind of artcontributed to the Roman Department of the Exhibi-tion, 704.—See also JJie-sinkiny , Works /«, yc., ShellCameos.

Cameua Obscura. —See Photographic Cameras.

Campan Marbles— Collection of. from the Pyrenees. 27.Peculiar geological interest attached to these marbles,ib.

Campbell and Co., 745.

Campbell, Dr., 97.

Campbell, Major II., 127, 136, 137.

Campbell, Harrison, and Lloyd, 365.

Cam peachy (South America )—Logwood obtained from, S7.

Carapenhoudt, C. Van and Co., G23, 623.

Campiiine. —Turpentine separated by distillation into oil orspirit of turpentine, 73.

Camphine Company (Hull), 72.

Camphor —Samples of, 44, 4G, 47.

Camus, —, 65.

Camuzat, —, 404.

Camwood. —Dye-stuffs extracted from, 87. Dyed samples,ib.

Canada. —Superiority of the collection from Canada , so faras the mineral kingdom is concerned, to all countriesthat have forwarded their products to the Exhibition,15. Systematic manner in which the collection has beenmade by Sir. W. E. Logan ; nature of the arrangementadopted by him, 15, 16. Oxide of iron an importantmineral amongst the iron ores of Canada , 16. Richnessof the ores of copper from Lake Superior and LakeHuron , ib.

Fine samples of wheat from Canada , all of the ordinaryEnglish kinds, 52. Earley also good, ib. Samples ofpulses, 54. Clover seeds, ib. Flour and biscuits, ib.Linseed and cameline seed, 56. Hops, ib. Arrow-root,62.

Samples of hemlock bark for tanning, 92. Samples ofCanadian tlax. 93. Specimens of the chief varieties ofCanadian timber and woods. 140. Raw silk. 103. Spe-cimens of oil obtained from porpoises, ib. Fair of tinemoose horns, ib. Specimens of glue, 105.

Surveying instruments from Canada , 234. Bow or stringedmusical instruments, 330.

Few specimens of woollen cloths, 352. A few commonand low flannels are produced in Canada , but much hasnot been attempted, 358. Specimens of sleigh harness,334, 3J5. Specimen book containing a large number ofbeautiful types, also stereotype plates, 407. Large andwell-formed collection of printing types cast at Mon-treal , 453. Articles of wearing apparel, 484. Speci-mens of edge-tools, 490, 491. Specimens of stoves,scales, wire, &c., 507, 509.

Examples of articles of clothing and furniture orna-namented with porcupine quills, 600. Specimens ofcooper’s work, 602. Collection of brooms made of In-dian corn straw, ib. Inferior nature of the soap fromCanada , 610. Stearic candles, 623. Confectionary,638. Fans made of the hark of trees, 668. Collectionof clay-pipes from Canada , 671. Specimens exhibited,673.—See also Gobi. Iron. Iron Ores . Sands.

Canada Agricultural Association, 52.

Canales, J., 84.

Canara —Collection of the woods of, contributed by theIndian Government, 132.

Candelabra . —Specimens of candelabra in silver, 512, 513.Two candelabra of cast iron, inlaid with silver, fromBerlin, 517.—Large candelabrum with bacchanalianfigures, from France , 518. Objectionable excess ofornament in candelabra composed of porcelain andmetal, 725.

Candles. —Little known of their early history, 615. Im-possibility of avoiding the mention of lamps under thishead, ib. Intimate connexion between candles andlamps, ib. Probable antiquity of candles, 61G. Torchesmay be regarded as a coarse description of candles,which possibly originated from them, ib. Notices inPliny and Apuleius , also in Fosbroke’s works, with re-gard to the use of candles, ib. Manufacture and con-sumption of wax candles in the middle ages, ib. Theoccupation of the wax-chandler existed in England at avery early period for making tapers for religious rites,

616. By the sixteenth century the trade of wax-chan-dler was extensively established in England,617. Ma-nufacture of wax tapers at Venice in the seventeenthcentury, ib. Introduction of the invention into Paris about the middle of the same century, ib. Mode ofmaking Hampshire rushlights in the eighteenth cen-tury, ib. Improvements ctfected in the form and qua-lity of candles by W. Bolts in 1799, ib. Great interestwould attach to a complete history of domestic illu-mination, ib. "Want of space and materials for theJury undertaking such an inquiry, ib. Also to enablethem to follow the many contrivances invented in mo-dern times to facilitate the manufacture and combus-tion of candles, ib. Chemical improvements of the lastthirty years, ib. Many disadvantages under which theordinary tallow candle labours, ib. Disagreeable smellof tallow candles arises from the tallow being imper-fectly purified, ib. Requisite conditions in preparingtallow for candle-making, 617, 618. Plaited wicks notapplicable to tallow candles without some special con-trivance, such as is effected in Palmer’s lamp, 618.Description of Palmer’s candle lamp, ib. Improvementin the tallow candle effected by a reduction of thefusibility of the materials employed, ib. Mode of pre-paration of stearine for candle-making, ib. Fusing-points of stearic and margaric acids, ib. Transition ofthe tallow candle to the stearic candle, effected, ib.Tallow candles of two kinds, “dips’’and “moulds,”ib. Manner in which both descriptions are made, ib.Several improvements of late years in the mechanicalarrangements for the manufacture of tallow candles, ib.General introduction of stearic candles impeded bytheir price, ib. Samples of mould candles from Austria and the British colonics, ib. The manufacture oftallow candles in the United Kingdom a most extensivetrade, ib. Table exhibiting the amount of duty ontallow, wax, and spermaceti can lies received in eachyear 1S20-1829, 619. Number of candlemakcrs in1830, ib. Quantity of tallow entered for home con-sumption in the years 1S41 to 1850, ib. Samples oftallow candles exhibited, number of exhibitors, ib.Price of tallow, composite, and stearic candles, ib.General remarks on the manufacture of stearic can-dles, ib. Discoveries of ChcvreuI, ib. Separationof fatty acids from soaps, ib. Difficulties originallyencountered in the manufacture of stearic candles, asthey would not burn the ordinary wick, 620. Experi-ments made and improvements effected in the wick, ib.Sketch of the main features of the development of thestearic manufacture, ib. Numerous experiments ne-cessary to prevent the crystallization of the stearic acidduring the moulding of the candles, ib. Sulphuricsaponification, experiments of Freney, Gwynne, andClark, ib. Remarks on the discoveries and patents ofDubrunfaut, Jones, "Wilson, and Price and Co., 620,

621. Improvements effected in the manufacture ofstearic candles, ib. Principal candle manufactoriesin foreign countries, ib. Description of the lime pro-cess as practised at Messrs. Ogleby and Co.’s works atLambeth, 621, 622. Description of the sulphuric sapo-nification and. distillation process employed at theworks of Price’s Patent Candle Company. 622. Sta-tistics of the Austrian manufacture of stearic candles,

622, 623. Manufacture of stearic candles in Belgium ,Canada, and Denmark , 623. Stearic manufacture ofFrance, ib. Statistics of the trade in France , ib.Stearic productions of Holland, India , and Prussia, ib.Creditable manufacture from Russia, Sardinia , andSpain, ib. Fine stearic candles from Sweden and Nor-way , 624. Newly invented machinery employed in themanufacture, ib. Good samples of stearic candles fromTurkey, ib. Details of the British stearic candletrade, ib. Prices of stearic candles, ib. Preferenceshown by the British public for candles coloured yel-low to resemble wax, ib. Absurdity of lowering thebeautiful white of the pure stearic candle, ib. Waxcandles discarded at grand fetes in France , and use ofthe pure white stearic candle, ib. No stearic candlesexhibited in the Wurtcmburg Department, ib. Generalremarks on wax and spermaceti candles, ib. Sub-stances of various origin and of very different compo-sition included under the name of wax, ib. Descrip-tion of wax employed in candle-making, ib. Chinesewax not a vegetable wax, ib. Knowledge of true che-mical composition of wax owing to Mr. Brodie, ib.Results of the researches of this chemist, 624. 625.Paraffin too costly to be converted into candles if made