406

HISTORY OF ENGINEERING.

Book I.

of others, erected during the period ofthe lower empire of Rome : mostekies and towns were defended bycastellated walls, a castle, or citadel.

In England the Romans constructeda vast number of fortresses; for inevery province they conquered, theymarked out a camp, and founded mi-litary strongholds: to these succeededthe Anglo-Saxon tower and castle,which was made of considerable extentand strength in the time of KingAlfred : Arundel Castle exhibits muchof the construction of that monarch.When the Danes arrived, some changewas introduced in the style; they, it is Tsaid, founded Norwich, and threw up (_those high mounds of earth at Castle -ton and Coningsburgh. The Saxon princes have left us much of theirconstructions at Winchester, Exeter,Canterbury, Bamborough, Durham ,Porchester, Pevensey , Castleton,Guildford , CorfF, Bridgenorth, andGoodrich, and in them we discoverthat the builders have made use of thetiles and materials which had formed

Fig. 405.

portion of the Roman

I’LAN or MONK BAR.

fortresses that probablyand Eynesford Castles in

occupied their sites ; this is observable at Colchester, Arundel,particular. When theNormans arrived, theyintroduced various meansof defence by militarystratagems, as concealedsully ports, galleries underground, doorways andstaircases which led tonothing, and dungeonsonly to be approached bytrap doors. Even thebishop’s palaces were for-tified and made strong-holds, and the citizens oflarge towns adopted thesame means of defence, aswas practised by all theinmates of the larger re-ligious l»ouses throughoutBritain .

Micklcgate Bar. The ,royal arms displayed are :those in use before thetime of Henry V . Thisbeautiful gate forms thechief entrance from Lon-don ; it is built of greygrit-stone, and the towers,which probably are of alater period, are of finelimestone. The portionwhich is of grit-stone issupposed to be Roman,though Sir H. C. Engle-field ( Arcfuzologia , vol. vi.)has refuted this opinion.

The upper parts wereprobably built in the timeof Edwaid III. ; the outwork or barbican, with its angular towers complete, must naveadded much to the beauty of the entrance.

Fig. 400.

M1CKLEGATB BAR.