594

HISTOKY OF ENGINEERING.

Book I.

is 4 feet 8] inches, ruling gradients 1 in 150, rise in feet per mile 35, and cost per mile46,968/. The total sum expended to June, 1845, was 3,372,240/., and the cost of workingfor the previous six months 92,934/.

Sheffield and Manchester , opened throughout 14th of July, 1845, is 40 miles 66 chains inlength; the gauge of way is 4 feet 8.^ inches, ruling gradients 1 in 220, rise in feet permile 44, and the total sum expended to June, 1845, was 1,249,932/.

Manchester , Bolton , and Bury , opened the 29th of May, 1838, is in length 10 miles; thegauge of its way is 4 feet inches, ruling gradients 1 in 160, rise in feet per mile 33, andcost per mile 67,000/. The total sum expended to June, 1845, was 813,980/., and the costof working for the previous six months 9772/.

Newcastle and Shields Railway is 6] miles in length, and was opened on the 18th of June,1839; it commences at the back of Pilgrim Street, Newcastle , and ends at Little BedfordStreet, North Shields . The line commences with an embankment, and then passes underthe Shields road by a tunnel 70 yards in length; there are altogether twenty-four bridges;one over the Ouseburn has nine arches, two of which at the ends are of stone, the othersare of timber resting on stone piers. These wooden arches are formed in eleven thick-nesses of Dantzic 3-inch deals bent over each other; between each is a layer of felt dippedin tar, the whole being held together by oak trenails and iron bolts. Each of the fivearches consists of three ribs lying parallel to each other, on which are transverse timbersthat carry the road. The three centre arches have each a span of 116 feet, and the others110 feet; the total length of this viaduct is 750 feet, and its height above the water 180 feet.The viaduct at Willingdon Dean has seven timber arches, five of which span 120 feeteach, and the two exterior each 115 feet; the whole length is 1050 feet, and the height to thetop of the rails 82 feet. These two viaducts cost 26,000/. The gauge of the way is4 feet 8£ inches, ruling gradients 1 in 180, rise in feet per mile 29, and cost per mile44,233/. The total sum expended to December, 1844, was 290,730/.

Aylesbury Railway is a straight line of 7] miles, and branches off from the London andBirmingham line at Chiddington, 35 miles from London ; it was opened throughout, the10th of June, 1839; its gauge is 4 feet 8] inches, ruling gradients 1 in 118, rise in feetper mile 44, and cost per mile 7500/. The total sum expended to February, 1845, was60,081/.

Yarmouth and Norwich , opened throughout the 1st of May, 1845, is in length 20] miles;the gauge of its way is 4 feet 8] inches, and is nearly on a level. It cost per mile 11,578/.,and the total sum expended to June, 1845, was 259,040/.

Arbroath and Forfar was opened on January 3, 1839. Its length is 15] miles, andextends from the harbour at Arbroath , where it joins the railway from Dundee to Forfar,in the vale of Strathmore. Its guage is 4 feet 8] inches, ruling gradients 1 in 130, rise infeet per mile 40, and cost per mile 9213/.; the total sum expended to May, 1844, was 135,416/.

Dundee and Arbroath , opened July 8, 1840, is 16 miles 50 chains in length; its guageis 4 feet 8] inches, and nearly level throughout. It cost per mile 8570/., and the total sumexpended to June, 1844, was 153,416/.

Ulster Railway was opened in August, 1839.

York and North Midland was opened on June 30, 1840; its length is 71 miles 10 chains;the gauge of its way is 4 feet 8] inches, the ruling gradients 1 in 434, and rise in feet permile 10; Mr. George Stephenson was the engineer . The cost per mile was 23,900/., andthe total sum expended to June, 1845, was 1,279,950/.

This railway commences in the city of York, and passes through the city wall by anarch of 70 feet span, which affords room for four lines of rails. After crossing severalskew-bridges, and a bridge 274 feet in length over the river Wharfe, which has one arch of 60feet, and eight of 15 feet span, the main line passes under the Leeds and Selby line nearSherburn, and over the river Aire by a brick bridge, with piers of stone from BramleyFall; the arches are 65 feet 6 inches span, and built at an angle of 60 degrees; its totallength is 313 feet, and its width between the parapet 30 feet.

The Methley branch crosses the Calder by a similar bridge of 3 arches, each spanning50 feet, and built at an angle of 75 degrees.

Lancaster and Preston Junction, (Mr. Locke, engineer,) is a little more than 20 miles inlength; it was opened June 30, 1840. The gauge of its way is 4 feet 8] inches, rulinggradients 1 in 500, rise in feet per mile 10, and cost per mile 20,192/. The total sum ex-pended to June, 1845, was 462,467/.

North Midland Railway ; its length is 72 miles 29 chains; it was executed under thedirection of Messrs. George and Robert Stevenson, and Mr. F. Swanwick, engineer.This railway commences at Derby, where the station covers an area of 26 acres, and hasvery capacious sheds, offices, workshops, &c. The principal carriage-shed is 450 feet inlength, and 140 feet in width, covering 9 separate tracks; one portion extends upwards of1000 feet, and is 42 feet in width.

The Melford tunnel is 836 yards in length, that at Claycross 1 mile, that at Chevet 600yards. At Buie Bridge, where the river Amber is crossed, is a viaduct, and the turnpike