Chap. XVII.

THEORY OF THE MOTION OF FLUIDS.

1161

quantity of water, he melted lead on the body of the machine, until the weight of the leadceased to increase the product of the machine.

The body of the ram established near Clermont Oise is 27 millimetres diameter, and 33metres long; it is on the side of a mountain with a fall of 7 metres in 33. The ascensionpipe is 14 millimetres in diameter, and 420 metres long ; it furnishes 1400 litres of waterin 24 hours ; the water is elevated to a vertical height of 60 metres; the force transmitted bythe ram in 24 hours is expressed by 84000.

The source furnishes in 24 hours 17,878 litres of water, or 19,200 pints; this water falls7 metres in going through the whole length of the body of the ram, which is 33 metres;the force expended in 24 hours is 125146; the relation of the force transmitted to the forceexpended is = .

Montgolfier, Junior, established at Mello, near Clermont, an hydraulic ram of cast-iron,1450 kilogrammes in weight: the length of its body is 33 metres (100 feet), its diameter11 centimetres (4 inches), and the thickness of each pipe 14 millimetres (6 lines) ; the headof the ram separately weighs 200 kilogrammes. There were 7 balls or stopping valves,each 4 centimetres diameter, disposed as is shown at N N', on 7 orifices pierced in a singlecircular disc, as seen in the figures on page 1163; the ball or ascension valve is of thesame diameter; the ram makes 60 strokes per minute ; the volume of the reservoir of air isabout 20 times that of the quantity of water elevated at every stroke. The source is 140litres per minute, and its fall is 11-37 metres (35 feet): the water is elevated 59-44 metres(183 feet) above the head of the ram, and the quantity of water raised is 17J litres per minute.Taking the kilogramme elevated a metre as unity, the product and expenditure in aminute arc expressed by the numbers 1040 and 1592, whose nearest relation is -f^j.

These examples prove that the force transmitted by the ram is at least ^ of that em-ployed to move it; we know of no other water-machine which transmits so considerable apart of the action of the mover applied to it. .

Siphon Ram . — When water is made to pass by means of a siphon from one place toanother less elevated, the column of water fills the interior of the siphon ; but if the summitcommunicates by a small aperture withthe external air, the column separatesinto two parts which flow through thetwo branches of the siphon. There arefew machines more useful and simplethan the siphon : the cut represents oneexecuted for the Polytechnic School atParis .

ALCG is a siphon transportingwater from A to G; on the long branchG13 is a ram’s head with two valvesat C of flowing and ascension, and abovethem a reservoir of air; a cock is placedat G, and a valve at K, which opens andshuts by means of a lever, the extremityof which is fixed at L when this valve isopen.

To work the siphon, the cock G andthe valve K are shut; water is pouredthrough the pipe D; the air escapes bythe same pipe both out of the verticalbranch G B, and that inclined to thehorizon, DL; the pipe D being closedby a plug, the cock G and the valve Kare opened; the water which flowsthrough the siphon from A to G shutsthe flowing valve C, opens the ascensionvalve E, and escapes at M ion the air reservoir above C.

Suction Ram -A source of water flows through the tube ABDK, and it is proposed

to elevate by its means the water from the well M N G ; in the interior of the branch P Qof the tube is a ball valve C, to shut the orifice D of the same tube : near this orifice D is asuction tube E, composed of two parts, E F, G G', united by an air reservoir H II,and at this end of the tube is a valve opening from below upwards: the water from thesource, in flowing through the orifice K, acquires a velocity arising from the fall; the valveC, sustained by the column cf water produced by this velocity, closes the orifice D byadhering to the round pieces of leather or cloth shaped into a hollow sphere; the columnD E K continues its movement towards K ; the void formed in the tube D£K, and the

SIPHON RAM.

Fig.1759.

i a jet of water, or raises itself, in the ascension pipe screwed