Kingdom.]
Class 2.— CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.South Gallery.
187
contains many compounds unknown to commerce a fewyears ago. They are all employed in various processes ofeither dyeing or calico-printing.—R. E.]
7b Young, J., Ardtcick Bridge, Manchester —Inventor.
Mineral oil. Paraffine . Stannates, with models ofapparatus
[This mineral oil occurs as a natural spring in a coal-pitat Riddings, near Alfreton. It is used largely for ma-chinery, the paraffine being very anti-frictional. Paraffine is one of the most remarkable of products, and hasreceived its name from its not having chemical affinityfor any substance whatever. It is a result of the distil-lation of tar-oils.—R. E.]
7c Brown & Co.—Manufacturers.
Muriate of ammonia. Sulphate of ammonia.
7d Dick, David, & Co., Burgh Chemical Works ,Carlisle —Manufacturers.
Copperas manufactured by Spence’s patent process.
8 Dentith, W., & Co., Manchester —Manufacturers.
Ornaments of bichromate of potash, and of nitrate of
lead.
Chromate of potash, prussiate of potash, and Whitby alum, used by calico-printers and dyers.
Green oxide of chromium, and oxide of zinc, used bychina and earthenware manufacturers.
[By taking advantage of the elegant forms whichvarious chemical substances assume on crystallizing, andinserting baskets of wire, or similar articles, into a crys-tallizable solution, the form of the article is preserved,but the character is altered by the developmentof exquisitecrystals, which give the objects a peculiar and remarkableappearance.—R. E.]
9 Kurtz & Schmersatil, Combrook Works,
Manchester —Manufacturers.
New colouring matters, and preparations for printingand dyeing in cotton, linen, silk, and wool.
Specimens of printing and dyeing by means of the pre-parations.
Ultramarine, in different qualities.
[Lapis lazuli is usually found in granite and crystallinelimestone. The finely-coloured varieties are employedfor vases, in mosaics and furniture, and are much prized.The pigment ultramarine is prepared from the mineral,by slightly igniting it, shaking the mass in water, andafter reducing it to fine powder, mixing it with a resinouspaste. This paste is then kneaded in cold water, which■washes out the ultramarine, the impurities being retainedby the paste. From the costliness of ultramarine its usewas formerly confined to the artist; since, however, thediscovery by M. Grumet (guided by the analysis of thepigment by MM. Clement and Desormes) of a method ofPreparing it artificially, its price has become gradually sornuch reduced as to admit of its very general employ-ment in the arts. For, although M. Grumet kept hisprocess a secret, M. Gmelin and other chemists havepublished prescriptions for its production, and its manu-facture has been of late years much extended, particu-larly in Germany , though only very recently introducedinto England. Ultramarine is a very permanent colourunder atmospheric influences, but is decolorized by thepiesence of acids with liberation of hydro-sulphuric acid;ience, in its employment, the presence of acids shouldbe avoided. Artificial ultramarine may be prepared, ac-cording to C. Gmelin, by rapidly igniting a mixture
of equal parts of silica, carbonate of soda, and sulphur,first adding a sufficient quantity of a solution of soda todissolve the silica.' The result is a bluish-green mass,which, by ignition in contact with air, becomes blue.Ultramarine consists essentially of silica, alumina, soda,and sulphur; a small quantity of iron appears to be bene-ficial, but an excess impairs the beauty of the colour.—W. D. L. R.] _
10 Hatmel & Ellis, 9 Sugar Lane, Manchester —
Manufacturers.
Copper and its compounds—Copper ore from theBurra-Burra mine, Australia ; sheet, oxide, and sulphateof copper.
Lead and its compounds—Lead ore; protoxide of lead;nitrate of lead.
Tin and its compounds—Tin ore from Cornwall ; tingranulated; tin salts, or protochloride of tin; sulphate ofsoda, or salt cake.
Sulphur—Rough sulphur from Sicily ; roll, flowers,crystallized, lac, and black sulphur.
Archill—Orchella weed from Angola ; red archill; bluearchill; cudbear.
Ammonia—Muriate and sulphate of ammonia.
[Copper , lead, and tin furnish highly important com-pounds for the use of the dyer and calico-printer. Sul-phate of copper, or blue vitriol, nitrate and acetate oflead, and protochloride of tin are the compounds mostlargely in use for these purposes, and are consumed inquantities altogether enormous in the Lancashire print-works.—R. E.]
11 Howards & Kent, Stratford, Essex —
Manufacturers.
Barks yielding quinine and cinchonine, viz. 1, variousdescriptions of calisaya bai*k ( Cinchona calisaya). 2, Cara-baya bark (Cinchona ovata). 3, Cusco bark ( Cinchonapubescens). 4, Carthagena bark ( Cinchona cordifolia ). 5—8,Specimens of red, crown, grey, and loxa barks. 9, Vari-ous descriptions of barks used for adulteration. 10, Cin-chona Australis. 11, Cascarilla macrocarpa. 12, Casca-rilla corua. 13, Cascarilla magnifolia. 14, Buena hexan-dra. 15, Exostema Peruviana or tacumez bark. 16,Laplacea quinoderma.
Salts of quinine and cinchonine:—Disulphate, sulphate,citrate, hydrochlorate, phosphate, and tartrate.
Nectandra Rodicei, or green-heart bark, and its alkaloidbebeerine.
[The tree from which the green-heart bark is obtainedbelongs to the natural order Lauraccce, a family of plantsyielding many powerful and valued medicinal agents.Nectandra Rodicei has been shown by Dr. Maclagan to con-tain an important alkaloid, called from the native nameof the tree ( Bebeeru ) Bebeerine, or Biberine. Its effects arecomparable to those of quinine. The tree flourishes inDemerara, and its wood is extremely hard.—R. E.]
Refined camphor, with different kinds of rough cam-phor, See. ;—1, Japan or Dutch camphor. 2, China orFormosa camphor. 3, Borneo or native camphor. 4,Refined camphor. 5, Camphor in the glass in which itwas sublimed.
[The tree which yields camphor is Laurus camphora.Japan camphor is considered the best, and is importedin tubs into the United Kingdom , but not in largequantities. Crude camphor from China is principallyobtained from the island of Formosa, whence its com-mercial designation. Crude camphor is obtained fromthe trees yielding it by chopping up the branches andboiling them in water, when the camphor is separatedeither by cooling or sublimation. It is refined in thiscountry by being re-sublimed.—R. E.]
Refined borax, and articles from which it is made:—1,Commercial boracic acid. 2, Purified boracic acid. 3.