Kingdom.]
265
Class 6.— MANUEAOTUK1NG MACHINES AND TOOLS.Noimi Abbas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; Gr. II. 25, 26.
leather, and the top rollers are pressed upon the bottomones by weights suspended from their axes. The middlepair of rollers moves at a greater speed than the first pair,°r that nearest to the engine, so that while the first pairdelivers the filaments the second pair pulls them, beforelt delivers them to the third, the effect of which is todraw and straighten the fibres, and spread them out intoa flat riband, called a card-end or sliver. But before thissliver passes to the third pair of rollers it is opened outa nd made spongy in texture, by being passed through anupright slit situated between the second and third pair ofrollers; it is then passed between the third pair, whichare but slightly pressed together, and the sliver is finallyreceived into a tall tin can.—C. T.]
Drawing-machine: used for doubling and drawing theweb or sliver prepared by the finishing carding-engine,an d delivering and coiling it into cans for the nextoperation. This machine is furnished with a series ofSe u-acting guides, which stop the machine as soon as thestiver breaks, in passing from the can to tiie roller. It is?f so fitted up with the coders and revolving motions toPecans.
Slubbing-machine, 28 spindles: used for drawing thefivers prepared by the last machine, and afterwardslisting and winding them on bobbins.
Second slubbing or intermediate machine, 54 spindles:s ^h for doubling and drawing the slubbings, and twistinghd winding them on bobbins for the creels of the roving^ achines. This machine is introduced in order graduallyo reduce the sliver, so as to obtain a more even and ahhler thread.
[The next operation is intended to carry out, in a stillperfect manner, the operation which was commenceda |- the close of the carding, namely, drawing out andj °^gating the slivers, straightening the filaments, andthem as parallel to each other as possible., a °ther object is still further to equalise the quality ofe c °tton, and. make the slivers of uniform strength andxtuve, by combining many slivers into one ; this is calledlulling ; and all these objects are attained at the machine“tfled the drawing-frame. This consists essentially of. e Pair of rollers, of which the second pair movesWith greater speed than the first, and the third morefluickly than the second. These rollers are similar to^° se used in the finisher-card, with one or two additions.r Mahogany bar, faced with flannel, rests upon the top? ers > and strips off all the loose fibres; similar bars areTv,° lna ^° to press up against the under-fluted rollers.
e distance between the first and second pairs of rollersc l * s * not exceed the length or staple of the filaments ofof T’ ° r slKer might be torn apart by the pullinge sec ond pair, while the first pair held it firmly. The
third" 1S . stretc ^ e d most in passing from the second to thepair.
fra 16 car ^" en d s are usually supplied to the drawing-of th S ^ 10IU t ^ le cans filled by the finisher-card, a numberat tl 0111 k e ’ n & guided along the channels of a metal plate,fi rst e ]°P °f which they unite and pass between thethe * )air ro ^ ers > which reduces them to one sliver;sliver 00011 ^ P a ' r exten ds every inch of this compoundthese 1U1:0 a ^ ou t two inches; and the third pair extendsthus° tW ° ^ nc D e s into ten. The length of the sliverKngtlis 10 ^ UCe< ^ * S S ener ally equal to the sum of thePloyed* °t se Parate slivers or card-ends em-
anion ^ s * n gl e sliver, formed by the doubling orsmootl° - t * lese separate slivers, is passed between■■eceiv'rl 1 ' 011 ro ^ ers > which condense it, and it is thene lnt ° a Can 011 *' le 0 PP 0S lte side of the frame.as the a 1Un " lK r earls l lave thus been filled, the drawings,°y aie now called, are again doubled and drawn out
into one, and, by repeating the operation several times,the defects of individual slivers or drawings are absorbedand god rid of, and uniformity is produced.—C. T.]
A roving-machine of 120 spindles: used for the samepurpose as the last, and twisting and winding the slub-bings on still smaller bobbins for the creels of the spinningmachines. The improvements in the construction of thesemachines consist, first, in the self-acting motions for stop-ping the machine when the sliver breaks (used for theslubber only): secondly, in the patent bearing or collars inwhich the spindles work, and the methods of fitting theflyers on the tops of the spindles, whereby a greatlyincreased speed is obtained: thirdly, in the application ofthe double patent pressure to the flyers, which preservesthe equilibrium of the spindles whilst working, whetherthe bobbin be full or otherwise.
[By the preceding operations the cotton has been cleanedand the fibres laid parallel. It is now in the form of aloose porous cord, too thick to be spun or twisted intoyarn. By the next machine, the bobbin and fly-frame, thedrawing is again elongated, and partially spun, and theroving, as it is then called, is wound upon a bobbin. Thespindle which, by rapidly revolving, puts twist into thedrawing, is furnished with a two-pronged fork, called afly or flyer. One prong of the fly is solid and the otherhollow. The bobbin on which the roving is to be woundis threaded upon the spindle, and revolves with it at adifferent rate, and by a perfectly distinct movement.One frame contains from 30 to 120 spindles, and theaction, which is alike in all, is as follows :—The sliver, asprepared by the drawing and doubling frame, is broughtin cans to the bobbin and fly-frame, whei'e it is elongatedby passing between three pairs of rollers, and twisted, bythe rapid revolutions of the spindle, into a soft cord orroving: this is passed into a hole at the top of the spindle,and then down the hollow arm of the fly; it is next twistedtwice round a steel finger, which winds it upon the bobbinwith a certain pressure. The finger, however, does notmove up and down the bobbin, but the bobbin moves upand down upon the spindle, against the finger, by whichmeans the roving is equally distributed upon the bobbin.It is necessary, however, gradually to slacken the velocityof the bobbin, as it increases in thickness by the winding,otherwise the roving would be improperly stretched orbroken. The velocity of the front pair of rollers, whichdelivers the cord, and of the spindle which twists it, isconstant: the motion of the bobbin which winds up theroving is quickest when it is empty, and its speed goes ongradually slackening until it is full. This diminution ofvelocity is occasioned by causing the strap which drivesthe bobbins to move slowly aloDg the surface of a conicaldrum, which, revolving with a constant speed, the strapat the small end of the cone would of course impart agreater velocity than when it had arrived at the large end.
The roving is wound on the bobbin by causing the flyand the bobbin to revolve at different rates. If the bob-bin, for example, revolve 50 times while the spindle re-volve only 40, these 40 turns of the bobbin have nothingto do with the winding; the 10 turns of the bobbin abovethose of the fly perform the winding; so that while 40turns of the spindle produce twist, 50 turns of the bob-bin produce ten coils of roving, upon its barrel. In somecases the winding is effected by the spindle revolvingquicker than the bobbin, and in fine spinning, two rovingsare doubled, and passed a second time through theframes.—C. T.]
A throstle of ICO spindles.
^The rovings thus prepared are finished at one of twomachines, namely, the throstle and the mule jenny; the