:G7

KiNtiBOM.] Class 0 .— MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS.

North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; 0. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. II. 25, 26.

bottom to the top; and when the mill is turned the other" r n.y it descends by its own weight, and thus the band of"'arp-yum is wound in a spiral line from the top to thebottom of the reel. The use of the heck is to dividetbe warp.threads into the lease, or two alternate sets,°ne set for each heald of the loom. To effect this, thebeck-block contains 120 or more steel pins, with an eyethe upper end of each, through which a yarn passes111 the process of warping. The pins are arranged alter-nately i n two frames, either of which may be raisedat pleasure. The threads being passed through the eyes°f the heck, the ends are knitted together, and fixed to aPin upon the mill. The mill is then turned slowly untilthe top lease pins come nearly opposite the heck. Thew arper then, lifting half of the heck-frame, raises half thethreads, which he places upon one pin, and the other halfu P°n another pin of the mill. In this way every alter-nate thread is crossed, and the lease is formed. Whenthe warp has described a spiral line round the frame,r °ni the top to the bottom, the threads are again passed0Ver pins, the motion of the frame is reversed, and the^ ar p forms another spiral line in a contrary direction.

be operation is thus repeated until the whole length of' A ' ar P is run out. The lease or crossing of the threads issecured by a band tied through them at the top, andail °ther at the bottom. The warp is then removed, andup into a ball.

. le bundles of yarn thus formed are spread out upon•1 uiders or yarn-beams; and, in order to distribute them«lually ; the'threads are passed through a separator or. el > formed of a number of shreds of cane fixed in twos °f wood. A dressing of glue, size, or paste is nexter > to the warp-yarns to increase their strength andac] ty, and to lay down the minute fibres which featheryarn.* In the dressing-machine the yarn-beams areth * n a ^ rame one eil< f i the threads are passed

r a reed to keep them distinct, and then between

Con er f covered with felt, one of which dips into a troughaming the paste or other dressing. The lower rollerPaste to the yarn, while the upper roller squeezesinto 1)6 SU P er ® uous quantity. The dressing is also rubbed0 the fibres of the yarn, and smoothed over by meansc y lind rical brushes, one above and the other below theyarn' aU< ^ IU0 ''* n g i n a direction contrary to that of thec hest” ^ war P i s dried by being passed over a box orstr^ w ith steam, and a current of air is made to's ° Ver **■ b y m eans of a revolving fan. The warpis Sea to the main yarn-beam of the loom, on which itPas„^ Ubl riy wound, the threads being kept distinct bythrough a reed.

that fi War P _ beam thus filled is suspended by its axis, sothe w 16 en< ^ s the warp-threads may hang down, and0l . [ Q v . er then draws every yarn through its proper eyethreads - m tlle h ea 'ds. The alternate crossing of theas t] Je ls Preserved by the lease-rods, and in drawing in,e ach tl 0 h era ti°u is called, the weaver can easily makehave be 6a ^ t0 ° r0SS tbe one next to When the threadsnext dr- 6 * 1 h asse d through the eyes of the healds they arePreserve'!] 11 t ^ lrou ^h the splits of the reed. The lease-rodsas follo Ws 16 ^ ease °f tlie threads, and the arrangement isunder th S ” ^ rst thread passes over the first rod anda Sd overlh SeC ° n< ^’ ^ le next thread passes under the firstdivides th 6 Seco “^’ an d so on alternately ; the third rodUatel 6 War "

!>,

>P mto splitfuls, two threads passing alter-

y °ver and under it._C. T.]

the < " ,v< ' r 'l | >oius, the novelty in which consists, first,, inpatent uniform winding or taking-up motion, which

* The diessing machine is not exhibited.

is effected by surface-rollers, without the aid of groundglass or emery, and is applicable to looms for weavingboth light and strong cloths ; and, secondly, in the methodof holding the edges of the cloth during the process ofweaving by an improved “ temple.”

[The loom used in plain weaving consists of— 1 . Anapparatus for stretching the warp. 2. An arrangementfor raising one-half of the threads of the warp and de-pressing the other half alternately, so as to open a spacefor introducing the weft. 3. A shuttle for castingthe weft into the opening thus made. 4. Means forstriking each weft-thread close up to the one previouslythrown. The common loom consists of four uprightposts with cross beams at the top and bottom. At oneend is the beam or roll containing the warp; at the otherend the cloth-beam, on which the work is wound as it iswoven. The warp is kept stretched between the two byweights slung over the ends of the warp-beam. Thealternate arrangement of the warp-threads is preservedby means of lease-rods. One half of the warp-threads isalternately raised and depressed by the healds, whichconsist of a number of twines, looped in the middle, orfurnished with glass eyes, each alternate thread beingpassed through the loops of one heald, while the inter-mediate threads are passed through the loops of theother heald. The two healds are united at the upperpart by a rope passing over a pulley, and at the lowerpart a rope proceeds from each heald to a treadle, bywhich means the lowering of one heald causes the otherto rise. The yarns are also passed through the teeth of areed, which is set in a moveable spring frame, called thelay or batten. At the bottom of this frame is a channel,called the shuttle-race, along which is thrown the shuttle,a boat-shaped piece of wood containing, in a hollow in themiddle, the cop of yarn which is to form the weft or cross-threads of the web of cloth. At the side of the shuttleis a small hole, through which the weft-yam runs freelyas the shuttle is shot along. The shuttle is sometimesfurnished with wheels on the under side, and may be shotbackwards and forwards by hand or by pickers or peckers,as in the fly-shuttle; in which case, the two ends of theshuttle-race are closed, and two pieces of wood, calledpickers, move along wires. To each picker a string isattached, and both strings meet loosely in a handle, whichis held in the right hand of the weaver. When the shuttleis at one end of the race a smart jerk of the picker projectsit along to the other end, and another jerk in the contrarydirection urges it the other way. Every time a threadof weft is to be thrown across the warp the weaver has toperforin three distinct operations—1. To press down oneof the treadles, by which means every alternate threadof the warp is depressed, forming what is called the shed.2. To throw the shuttle across, so as to lay a thread ofweft in this shed. 3. To drive the thread of weft closeup to the web by means of the batten. As the web iscompleted it is wound round upon the cloth-beam, andthe breadth of the unwound portion is kept extended bytwo pieces of wood, called temples, furnished with sharppoints at the ends.

In plain weaving, the warp and the weft-tlireads are ofthe same colour, and usually of the same degrees of fineness.By introducing yams of different degrees of fineness, atregular intervals, a striped cotton is produced. By havingthe warp-threads of one colour and the weft-threadsof another colour, shot patterns are formed. Colouredstripes are formed by introducing coloured yarns intothe warp. In these arid various other cases every threadof the warp and weft cross alternately at right angles.In twilled or tweelled cloths only the third, or the fourth,