Kin
'ODOM.]
AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES.
North Gallery, and with Classes 5 & 6.
321
Parallel rays towards such points of the horizon as would“e useful to the mariner. Good reflectors increase theluminous effect of a lamp about 400 times: this is thecatoptric” system of lighting. When reflectors are usedftere is a certain quantity of light lost, and the “ dioptric”° r refracting system, invented by the late M. AugustinFr esnel, is designed to obviate this defect to some extent:the “ eatadioptric” system is a still further improvement,und acts both by refraction and reflection. Lights of theorder have an interior radius or focal distance of3(/22 inches, and are lighted by a lamp of four concentric’"icks, consuming 570 gallons of oil per annum.-
-S. C.]
101
Tdckey, R., Hampton Court Palace —Inventor.
Fioposed fire-escape.
102
Maxwell, John, Stakeford Foundry, Dumfries—Manufacturer,latch-window for house-roofs.
Another, of plate-glass.
I ttage-windows, all of cast-iron,roil skylights and iron sashes.
104
Hope
pkinson, Joseph, Chapel Hill, Huddersfield —
Bol k* Inventor.
Su itabl 'f ^her for vessels in port or in distress, ande tor a fire-escape or other purposes.
105
Vic:
Mod Designer,
at I’Cieft’ drought-iron bar-chain suspension bridge
hianfi 0 | meeting across the river Dnieper , by com-a h°ut h lr ’ hi' the Emperor of Russia . Its length isfeet, ’pf 1 an English mile, and breadth 52J English (Gentmi 'i area °1 the roadway is 140,000 superficial feet.
The I
°f theor -
the k; 1 J ge . of dhich this is a model is the largest workKieff n -jhitherto undertaken; the chains on the right,a hutm el , t si v ®.°f. th e Dnieper , are moored in an isolated
g S}jq- 5 kuilt in thp rivpr ai o + rlictfmpp ■frnm
th(
anore t r iu r ^ ver ) at a sufficient distance from° a * low vessels to pass. This is effected by afe et. tl- feet broad, spanning an opening of 50
Th,
* 5 feet broad, spanning an opening of 50
al) °ut I 3 Q „ Sa PPorts are hollow beams of wrought iron,a ®h ®entresl‘i ° D ® ’ tbe ( h' aw hi'idge revolves in one leaf,l 9 u ived is 1 te a railwa y turn-table; the counterpoiser,< lge is aL 6r l r sma fi- The whole weight of the draw-j, T he f 0 £ ont . 150 tons.
,8li$h
thri
'"Shsh f eet P lanc ipal suspension spans are each of 440a !'d thmi.~v’ ..Each chain extends over the five river piers
. ■ mrouM i ,—miaiLi exiexuis ov
Engij.v the two abutments, and is more than half anThe mile lon g-
tt rou ght-b^ 0rms ar e suspended from the chains by?ha<le pecuf 11 .i 0 ^ s . o fi 2 inches diameter. The roadway islt * s liable Sarl T stltfij to resist the various strains to whichThe
^^ridse'l^^thy of iron employed in constructingt°ng (oT 5 ,!;,?. • nding the machinery used, is 3,500 English ?f ri tnhrs) °f French kilogrammes, 78,000 German
tae chains v, * il e dhole was manufactured in England;f ®*Xteen vl , x an< l Henderson, Birmingham .
Iro *n Live™ 8 ! 8 were employed in transporting the iron1Vei Pool m in-T - v - b was eon _
- jjivQ, —ui transporting
Ve yed on to P ort Odessa, whence it^des u hock-carts to Kieff, a distance of 40(
'T'l *
3! >"fBB e » C J hann el of the
^ e Pth 1U ® Ulnmev ) hut the spring floods increase the
x. ^ight c h> an j SOme tinies to 55 feet,inflations r ~f ains were rec l ll h’ed for getting in the*°2*s, twn i 10 steam-engines were employed on theThe’ of 50 -fiorse power each.
ail( l ahutmo , °us are on piling and concrete; the pierst0 ° s (EneliXf a i e bri ? k > laced with granite. About 1,000b J °f granite ashlar are inserted in each abut-
oo
I ment as an extra mass, for the mooriug plates of thechains to bear upon.
The granite was brought across a country destitute ofhard roads, from a distance of nearly 100 English miles.The hydraulic cement employed is prepared artificially,according to the system pointed out by the celebratedFrench engineer, Vicat.
Cost of the bridge about 400,000b sterling. Time ofbuilding will have been about five years; but from theclimate and other circumstances not more than 100working days in each year could be calculated on for theprincipal and more difficult parts of the work.
The whole of the piers and abutments will be broughtto the level of the roadway in the course of the presentsummer (1851); two of the river piers will also be carriedto their full height; and the bridge will be completelyfinished in the autumn of 1852.
Every part of the model is in exact proportion to theoriginal bridge. The scale'is 1 inch to 8 feet.
The two views in chromolithography, which illustratethis bridge, are from drawings executed on the spot.
[Suspension bridges of iron were introduced about theyear 1741, at which date one of 70 feet span was thrownover the river Tees. Scamozzi , “ Del Idea Archi,” pub-lished 1615, conveys some notion of these structures, butBernouilli first explained their true principles. The Unionbridge over the Tweed, 449 feet span, constructed byCapt. Sir S. Brown, in 1820, was the first large bar-chainbridge erected in Britain . The Newhaven and Brightonsuspension piers were also erected by the same engineer.The great bridge by Telford across the Menai Straits is570 feet span; it was commenced in May, 1819, and com-pleted in December, 1825. The Hammersmith bridge,422 feet span, by Tierney Clark , was completed in 1824.The Montrose bridge, by Rendel, 412 feet span, waserected in 1829; and the Hungerford bridge over theThames, 676J feet span, by Brunei , was built in 1844.The wire-rope bridge of Freiburg is 820 feet span. Theroadways of suspension bridges must not merely be hungfrom the chains, but be rendered stiff to resist the undu-latory motion caused by the wind. See Minutes of Pro-ceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Feb. 16,1841, on this subject.—S. C.]
106 Clark, Edwin, 448 West Strand —Producer.
Model of the Britannia bridge, and of the apparatusused in floating and raising the tubes. Scale l-8th of aninch to the foot. Engineer, Robert Stephenson ; modelexecuted for Charles Mare, Esq., by Mr. Jabez James.(Central Avenue .)
[This bridge consists of a tube, formed of iron platesriveted together, and of sufficient dimensions to allow aloaded train to pass through each. It crosses the MenaiStraits, and connects the Isle of Anglesey with SouthWales. It was commenced August 10, 1847, and wasfinished March 5, 1850, and on the 18th of the samemonth was opened for traffic. The total expense of erec-tion was 601,860b, of which the iron work cost 443,160b,and the masonry 158,700b It contains 1,500,000 cubicfeet of masonry, 9,480 tons of wrought iron, and 1,988tons of cast iron.—S. C.]
107 Leather, John W„ Leeds — Designer.
Model of suspension aqueduct over the river Calder, atStanley, near Wakefield. (Designed by George Leatherand John W. Leather, civil engineers, Leeds, and exe-cuted under their direction.) This aqueduct is repre-sented in the following engraving.
The canal which is carried over the river Calder bymeans of this aqueduct is navigable for sea-going vesselsof 7 feet draught of water, and 120 tons burthen.
2 B
[Official Illustrated Catalogue.]