PRUSSIA.—ELECTORAL HESSE.
1077
459 Gutheil & Co., Dusseldorf —Producers.
Specimen of prussiate of potash (ferrocyanide of potas-sium).
460 Stohmann & WCsteneeld, Neusalzwerk, near
Minden —Manufacturers.
Chemical products from the mother-ley of the salt-worksHear Minden, chiefly combinations of bromine.
[Bromine was discovered by M. Balard, of Montpellier ,in Prance, in the year 1826. He obtained it from themother-liquors of the Balt works in which sea-water wasemployed. It is an elementary substance, liquid at ordi-nary temperatures, of intense reddish-brown colour, andpossessing a powerful odour; at about 13° below the zeroon Fahrenheit’s scale it solidifies to a crystallizing solid oflaminated structure; and at about 116° it boils, giving offreddish-brown vapours. It bleaches vegetable colours, andcolours starch of an orange tint; its compounds are, withsome exceptions, termed bromides ; the combination withoxygen, best known, is called bromic acid, and the com-binations of bases with this acid are termed bromates.—W. D. L. R.] _
461 Weseneeld & Co., Barmen.
Samples of soda-ash, containing 99^ per cent, of car-bonate of soda, for glass manufacturers ; caustic soda,from the red mother-liquor of soda-ash, adapted forsoap-boilers; chloride of lime, containing 30 per cent, ofchlorine; antieldore, a preparation for neutralizing chlo-ride of lime after bleaching; adapted for paper-makers.
[“Antichlore” is sulphite of soda; that is, a compound ofsulphurous acid and soda. In effecting its object, the sul-phite of soda becomes converted into sulphate of soda, andthe chlorine combines with hydrogen, and forms muriaticacid (hydrochloric acid), which may be neutralized by analkali.—W. X). L. R.]
462 Horstmann & Co., Horst, near Steele —
Manufacturers.
Samples of azure-blue smalt. Samples of zaffre.
[Smalt is a glass coloured with oxide of cobalt, andreduced to a fine powder: it is used for bluing writingand other papers ; but the introduction of artificial ultra-marine has considerably diminished its consumption forthat purpose. Zaffre is an impure oxide of cobalt, ob-tained by roasting arsenical cobalt ores.—W. D. L. R.]
463 The Royal Axtjm 'Works, Schwemsal , District of
Bitterfeld.
Refined and common potash-alum crystallized; con-taining only a small proportion of iron, and manufacturedfrom native ores.
Sulphuric acid clay, known in trade under the denomina-tion of. aluminas; which contains but little iron; manufac-tured from native ores by exposure to the frost during thewinter. Common and refined potash-alum crystallized;nianufactured from native alum slate. Specimens of thea lum schist, containing but little pyrites. Alum manu-factured from alum schists, by simple exposure.
404 Mathes & Weber, Duisburg on Rhine —Manufacturers.
Muriatic acid, pure, 21 ° 1 ', Beaume, exempt from ironand sulphurous acid. Bleaching powder, or chloride offrne, 35 p er cent, chloride. Sulphate of soda, 98 per cent.^°da crystals, nearly pure; soda ash, carbonate of soda,per cent, dry carbonate; carbonate of soda, causticB °da, CO per cent.
[Muriatic, or hydrochloric, acid is a compound ofnydrogen and chlorine : under ordinary circumstances, it18 a gas readily absorbable by water, but at a pressure ofatmospheres it is condensed to a colourless liquid. The
aqueous solution is the muriatic acid of commerce, and i&usually contaminated with iron and other impurities;21° of Beaume’s hydrometer = 1*170 specific gravity.
Chlorid^ of lime (hypochlorite of lime, oxychloride ofcalcium) is the well-known bleaching-powder. It is a mix-ture of hypochlorite of lime and chloride of calcium, whichare soluble in water, and a variable excess of lime, whichremains undissolved. It is obtained by exposing recently-slaked lime to clilorine gas, winch is readily and largelyabsorbed.
Sulphate of soda is a compound of sulphuric acid andsoda; it is manufactured in considerable quantities at thealkali works, as the first step in the production of soda fromsea-salt. By the action of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) onchloride of sodium (common or sea-salt), muriatic acid isdriven off in vapour, and an impure sulphate of sodaremains: this may be purified by solution in water andcrystallization therefrom. Formerly, the muriatic acidwas allowed to escape, and very high chimneys were builtto carry the destructive fumes high into the atmosphere;but of late they have been condensed by conductingthem into chambers containing water, which absorbs thegas; and instead of wasting the acid, as formerly, it is nowdecomposed into its components, and the chlorine em-ployed in the formation of bleaching-powder.
Carbonate of soda (common washing-soda) is a com-pound of carbonic acid and soda, and is termed soda-ash,crystallized soda, &c., according to the state it is sold in,commercially. It was formerly obtained, almost exclu-sively, from sea-plants, and was then largely imported intothis country from Spain under the name of barilla; butnow it is obtained from salt, and forms an importantbranch of manufacture in Great Britain. Sulphate of soda,obtained in tho manner described above, is mixed withcoal-dust and chalk or limestone (carbonate of lime), andheated to redness in a reverberatory furnace; the sulphuricacid of the sulphate of soda is decomposed, and the sulphurresulting therefrom unites with the calcium of the lime-stone, whilst the carbonic acid passes from the lime to thesoda. The black mass is exposed to the action of water,which dissolves the carbonate of soda, and the saturatedsolution is evaporated to dryness; a crude soda-ash is thusobtained, which is purified for some purposes by re-calci-nation with coal-dust, re-solution, and re-crystallization;but it is likewise largely employed in the crude state.—W. D. L. R.] _
465 Hesse Electoral Colour Manufactory,Sclvwarzenfels , neevr Schluchtern —Manufacturer.
Blue colours (smalt). Specimens of various blue co-lours. Strewing blue. Eschar and washing blue.
Yiolet smalts. Zaffers. Nickel, metallic, with calcinednickel. Nickel oxide. Nickel with ultramarine.
466 Schramm Brothers, Neuss on Rhine —
Manufacturers.
Dressing-starch, for fine linen, cotton, and silk wares;burnt starch, in three qualities, for factories; pipe starch;ringed and powdered starch.
Raw material:—Wheat , of the first quality.
467 Rocholl, Theodor, Minden —Importer and
Manufacturer.
Various samples of Havaunah and Guayaquil cigars.
468 Carstanjen, Arn Friederich, jun., Duisburg ,
near Dusseldorf —Manufacturer. (Agent for
Samples of tobacco, snuff, and cigars. The tobaccoleaf is obtained from the East and West Indies andWurtemberg.